@article {175,
	title = {Resistance of head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer) to DDT in Malaysia},
	journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {72 - 74},
	abstract = {A survey of 308,101 schoolchildren conducted in 10 of 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia revealed that 10.7\% have Pediculus humanus capitis infestation. The results of treatment with 1\%, 2\% and 5\% DDT in coconut oil in 374 cases reveal cure rates of 3.5\%, 15.8\% and 51.3\%, respectively, suggesting that the head louse has probably developed resistance to this insecticide in Malaysia.},
	keywords = {adolescent, child, DDT, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malaysia, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45560.pdf},
	author = {Sinniah,B. and Sinniah,D.}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Clinical and laboratory trial employing carbaryl against the human head-louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (DeGeer)},
	journal = {Clinical and Experimental Dermatology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {605 - 612},
	keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0307-6938},
	author = {Maunder,John W.}
}
@article {184,
	title = {Insecticidal effect of precocene II on the human body louse, Pediculus humanus},
	journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1980},
	note = {LR: 20041118; JID: 7506129; 0 (Benzopyrans); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Juvenile Hormones); 644-06-4 (precocene II); ppublish},
	month = {1980},
	pages = {398 - 399},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, Benzopyrans/pharmacology, breeding, insecticide, juvenile hormone, Metamorphosis, Biological/drug effects, Pediculus, plants, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0035-9203},
	author = {Feldlaufer,M. F. and Eberle,M. W.}
}
@article {133,
	title = {Patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1993},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {214 - 216},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {Two general patterns of erythrocyte digestion were observed in representative species from four insect orders. Ingested erythrocytes were hemolyzed rapidly, and blood meals remained liquefied within body lice, Pediculus humanus L. and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) and Xenopyslla cheopis (Rothschild). Peritrophic membrane was absent. In contrast, there was a lag time of 6-18 h before substantial degradation of erythrocytes within the blood meals of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L.; the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; and the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex pipiens L. Blood meals of sand flies and mosquitoes were clotted and surrounded by peritrophic membrane at 18-24 h after feeding. Clotting and peritrophic membrane were less pronounced in bed bugs. It is proposed that acquisition and maintenance of pathogen types (i.e., prokaryotic versus eukaryotic) within insects are constrained by the general pattern of bloodmeal processing.},
	keywords = {animals, bedbugs, Comparative Study, Culicidae, Fleas/physiology, Insect vectors, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	isbn = {0022-2585},
	author = {Vaughan,J. A. and Azad,A. F.}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1\% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1988},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370471; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (RID); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {768 - 769},
	abstract = {In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1\% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations/therapeutic use, Drug Evaluation, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Random Allocation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45388.pdf},
	author = {Carson,D. S. and Tribble,P. W. and Weart,C. W.}
}
@article {162,
	title = {Comparative study of DDT, carbaryl (Sevin) and Actellic (pirimiphos-methyl) in the treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Public health},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1983},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376507; 0 (Organothiophosphorus Compounds); 29232-93-7 (pirimiphos methyl); 50-29-3 (DDT); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); ppublish},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {3 - 7},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {adolescent, carbaryl, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, DDT, Drug Evaluation, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malaysia, organophosphate, patient, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0033-3506},
	author = {Sinniah,B. and Sinniah,D.}
}
@article {96,
	title = {Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	address = {Canada},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects{\textquoteright} ability to {\textquoteright}resurrect{\textquoteright} after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {1203-4754},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Burkhart,Craig G. and Gunning,W. T.}
}
@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
@article {107,
	title = {Infestation by Pediculus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae) in a metropolitan area of southeast Brazil},
	journal = {Revista de Saude Publica},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {77 - 81},
	abstract = {Adults, nymphs and nits of the Pediculus humanus were found in a frame-house infesting the clothes and bedding of three inhabitants in a shanty town in S. Paulo county, S. Paulo State. A total of 198 nits were found glued in 15.0 cm2 of fibres of the infested clothing, giving a ratio of 13.2 nits/cm2. Having in view that the precarious living conditions, promiscuity, absence of basic sanitation and negligence of the sanitary authorities in various Brazilian cities, this situation should not be underestimated. This find should be more frequent than an isolated observation.},
	keywords = {adolescent, animals, Beds/parasitology, Brazil, child, Clothing, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45103.pdf},
	author = {Linardi,Pedro Marcos and Barata,Jos{\'e} Maria Soares and Urbinatti,Paulo Roberto and de Souza,Doralice and Botelho,Jos{\'e} Ramiro and De Maria,M{\'a}rio}
}
@article {125,
	title = {Controlled study of malathion and d-phenothrin lotions for Pediculus humanus var capitis infested schoolchildren},
	journal = {Lancet},
	volume = {344},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {1724 - 1727},
	abstract = {Anecdotal reports have suggested that reduced efficacy of pediculicides against Pediculus humanus capitis could be related to resistance to treatments. Ovicidal and pediculicidal activities of 0.5\% malathion and 0.3\% d-phenothrin lotions were tested in an experimental model of P humanus capitis grown on rabbits to ensure that the two treatments were pharmacologically equipotent. We then did a randomised controlled trial in which the lotions were administered to 193 P humanus capitis-infested schoolchildren (malathion, 95; d-phenothrin, 98). Success rate was defined as the absence of both live lice and viable nits. Before treatment, live lice were collected and subjected to a pediculicidal test. Pharmacological tests showed 100\% killing of the rabbit-grown nits and lice after exposure to both pediculicides. On day 1 of the controlled trial, the success rate was 92\% in the malathion group (95\% CI, 0.86-0.97) and 40\% in the d-phenothrin group (0.30-0.49) (p < 0.0001); on day 7, it was 95\% in the malathion group (0.90-0.99) and 39\% in the d-phenothrin group (0.29-0.48, p < 0.0001). Malathion was also significantly more active in the pediculicidal tests compared to d-phenothrin and control. These results suggest an acquired resistance to d-phenothrin in the schoolchildren tested, since all other conditions of the administration of insecticides were standardised.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Rabbit, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45219.pdf},
	author = {Chosidow,Olivier and Chastang,C. and Brue,C. and Bouvet,E. and Izri,M. and Monteny,N. and Bastuji-Garin,S. and Rousset,J. J. and Revuz,J.}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Prevalence and parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis in six to eleven-year-old schoolchildren},
	journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 7507456; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {499 - 501},
	address = {Brazil},
	abstract = {The aim of this work was to determine head lice parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis and its variation, according to both gender and age in 181 school children of a primary school. The intensity was higher among 6 to 8-year-old girls. Pediculosis intensity diminishes significantly between 9 and 11 years of age in both sexes.},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus, prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0037-8682},
	author = {Catal{\'a},Silvia S. and Carrizo,L. and Cordoba,M. and Khairallah,R. and Moschella,F. and Bocca,J. N. and Calvo,A. N. and Torres,J. and Tutino,R.}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20050127; GENBANK/AY316748; GENBANK/AY316749; GENBANK/AY316750; GENBANK/AY316751; GENBANK/AY316752; GENBANK/AY316753; GENBANK/AY316754; GENBANK/AY316755; GENBANK/AY316756; GENBANK/AY316757; GENBANK/AY316758; GENBANK/AY316759; GENBANK/AY316760; GENBANK/AY316761; GENBANK/AY316762; GENBANK/AY316763; GENBANK/AY316764; GENBANK/AY316765; GENBANK/AY316766; GENBANK/AY316767; GENBANK/AY316768; GENBANK/AY316769; GENBANK/AY316770; GENBANK/AY316771; GENBANK/AY316772; GENBANK/AY316773; GENBANK/AY316774; GENBANK/AY316775; GENBANK/AY316776; GENBANK/AY316777; GENBANK/AY316778; GENBANK/AY316779; GENBANK/AY316780; GENBANK/AY316781; GENBANK/AY316782; GENBANK/AY316783; GENBANK/AY316784; GENBANK/AY316785; GENBANK/AY316786; GENBANK/AY316787; GENBANK/AY316788; GENBANK/AY316789; GENBANK/AY316790; GENBANK/AY316791; GENBANK/AY316792; GENBANK/AY316793; GENBANK/AY316794; GENBANK/AY316795; GENBANK/AY316796; GENBANK/AY316797; GENBANK/AY316798; GENBANK/AY316799; GENBANK/AY316800; GENBANK/AY316801; GENBANK/AY316802; GENBANK/AY316803; GENBANK/AY316804; GENBANK/AY316805; GENBANK/AY316806; GENBANK/AY316807; GENBANK/AY316808; GENBANK/AY316809; GENBANK/AY316810; GENBANK/AY316811; GENBANK/AY316812; GENBANK/AY316813; GENBANK/AY316814; GENBANK/AY316815; GENBANK/AY316816; GENBANK/AY316817; GENBANK/AY316818; GENBANK/AY316819; GENBANK/AY316820; GENBANK/AY316821; GENBANK/AY316822; GENBANK/AY316823; GENBANK/AY316824; GENBANK/AY316825; GENBANK/AY316826; GENBANK/AY316827; GENBANK/AY316828; GENBANK/AY316829; GENBANK/AY316830; GENBANK/AY316831; GENBANK/AY316832; GENBANK/AY316833; GENBANK/AY316834; GENBANK/AY316835; GENBANK/AY316836; GENBANK/AY316837; GENBANK/AY316838; GENBANK/AY316839; GENBANK/AY316840; GENBANK/AY316841; GENBANK/AY316842; GENBANK/AY316843; GENBANK/AY316844; GENBANK/AY316845; GENBANK/AY316846; GENBANK/AY316847; GENBANK/AY316848; GENBANK/AY316849; GENBANK/AY316850; GENBANK/AY316851; GENBANK/AY316852; GENBANK/AY316853; GENBANK/AY316854; GENBANK/AY316855; GENBANK/AY316856; GENBANK/AY316857; GENBANK/AY316858; GENBANK/AY316859; GENBANK/AY316860; GENBANK/AY316861; GENBANK/AY316862; GENBANK/AY316863; GENBANK/AY316864; GENBANK/AY316865; GENBANK/AY316866; GENBANK/AY316867; GENBANK/AY316868; GENBANK/AY316869; GENBANK/AY316870; GENBANK/AY316871; GENBANK/AY316872; GENBANK/AY316873; GENBANK/AY316874; GENBANK/AY316875; GENBANK/AY316876; GENBANK/AY316877; GENBANK/AY316878; GENBANK/AY316879; GENBANK/AY316880; GENBANK/AY316881; GENBANK/AY316882; GENBANK/AY316883; GENBANK/AY316884; GENBANK/AY316885; GENBANK/AY316886; GENBANK/AY316887; GENBANK/AY316888; GENBANK/AY316889; GENBANK/AY316890; GENBANK/AY316891; GENBANK/AY316892; GENBANK/AY316893; GENBANK/AY316894; GENBANK/AY316895; GENBANK/AY316896; GENBANK/AY316897; GENBANK/AY316898; GENBANK/AY316899; GENBANK/AY316900; GENBANK/AY316901; GENBANK/AY316902; GENBANK/AY316903; GENBANK/AY316904; GENBANK/AY316905; GENBANK/AY316906; GENBANK/AY316907; GENBANK/AY316908; GENBANK/AY316909; GENBANK/AY316910; GENBANK/AY316911; GENBANK/AY316912; GENBANK/AY316913; GENBANK/AY316914; GENBANK/AY316915; GENBANK/AY316916; GENBANK/AY316917; GENBANK/AY316918; GENBANK/AY316919; GENBANK/AY316920; GENBANK/AY316921; GENBANK/AY316922; GENBANK/AY316923; GENBANK/AY316924; GENBANK/AY316925; GENBANK/AY316926; GENBANK/AY316927; GENBANK/AY316928; GENBANK/AY316929; JID: 9107782; 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial); EIN: Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):2309; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1414 - 1417},
	abstract = {The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Clothing, dna, Evolution, Molecular, history, humans, Lice Infestations/history/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors},
	isbn = {0960-9822},
	author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Real-time PCR duplex assay for Rickettsia prowazekii and Borrelia recurrentis},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {990},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7506858; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {302 - 310},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Rickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent for epidemic typhus, and Borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of relapsing fever, both utilize the same vector, the human body louse (Pediculus humanus), to transmit human disease. We have developed an assay to detect both bacterial pathogens in a single tube utilizing real-time PCR. Assays for both agents are specific. The R. prowazekii and B. recurrentis assays do not detect nucleic acid from R. typhi, R. canada, or any of eight spotted fever rickettsiae. In addition they did not react with Neorickettsia risticii, N. sennetsu, Franciscella persica, Bartonella quintana, Legionella pneumophila, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the B. recurrentis assay did not detect B. duttonii, B. coriaceae, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. hermsii, or B. burgdorferi nucleic acid. Both assays detected repeatedly only R. prowazekii or B. recurrentis either when tested alone or together in one test tube.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, Borrelia, Comparative Study, dna, genes, humans, Lice/microbiology, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rickettsia prowazekii/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0077-8923},
	author = {Jiang,J. and Temenak,J. J. and Richards,A. L.}
}
@article {84,
	title = {Detection of Bartonella quintana from body lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) infesting homeless people in Tokyo by molecular technique},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {427 - 429},
	abstract = {We report detection of Bartonella quintana Brenner, the pathogenic agent of trench fever, from body lice, Pediculus humanus L., infesting homeless people in Tokyo by polymerase chain reaction. Two of 12 (16.7\%) homeless were infested with Bartonella-positive body lice. From the current status of the recent increase of homeless people in many large cities of the developed countries, a medical examination of homeless people should be carefully performed in the consideration of trench fever. Sampling of body lice from clothing of homeless people is recommended for quick and accurate diagnosis of trench fever through the detection of B. quintana DNA.},
	keywords = {animals, Bartonella quintana/genetics/isolation \& purification, dna, homeless, humans, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, trench fever},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44866.pdf},
	author = {Sasaki,Toshinori and Kobayashi,Mutsuo and Agui,Noriaki}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {651 - 657},
	abstract = {The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44841.pdf},
	author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {87,
	title = {Toxic effect of aliphatic alcohols against susceptible and permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {457 - 460},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, and 1-dodecanol was evaluated by immersion method against susceptible and permethrin-resistant head lice, Ped},
	keywords = {Alcohols/pharmacology, animals, Fatty Alcohols/pharmacology, Insect Control, Insecticide Resistance, Octanols/pharmacology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses},
	isbn = {0022-2585},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44865.pdf},
	author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Gonzalez Audino,P. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Isoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Isoenzymes); EC 3.1. (Esterases); EC 5.4.2.2 (Phosphoglucomutase); ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {419 - 425},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali \& Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39\% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.},
	keywords = {animals, electrophoresis, France, humans, Isoenzymes/chemistry, Madagascar, Mali, Pediculus, polymorphism, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Senegal, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	author = {Amevigbe,M. D. and Ferrer,A. and Champorie,S. and Monteny,N. and Deunff,J. and Richard-Lenoble,D.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
@article {46,
	title = {Increased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to permethrin in Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {342 - 345},
	abstract = {We studied the profile of permethrin resistance in populations of head lice infesting children 6-12 yr old in schools and their homes in and around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fiv},
	keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, humans, Insecticide Resistance, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44640.pdf},
	author = {Gonzalez Audino,P. and Barrios,S. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Method to measure force required to remove Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) eggs from human hair},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {89 - 93},
	abstract = {Head lice are very common and mainly affect children between 3 and 12 yr old. Little is known about the way nits, the eggs of the head louse, are attached to the hair. In this report, an objective measurement procedure for the ease with which nits can be removed is presented. The first peak force, associated with the start of nit movement, and the average and maximal force during the sliding of the nit were measured. The three force variables correlated with the length of the cylinder by which the nit was attached to the hair. A negative correlation was found between the maximum force exerted and the distance of the nit from the scalp. The method described in this report can be used to determine the in vitro efficacy of various products to remove nits.},
	keywords = {animals, Biomechanics, child, Child, Preschool, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44662.pdf},
	author = {Lapeere,Hilde and Brochez,Lieve and Haeghen,Yves Vander and Mabilde,Cyriel and Stichele,Robert Vander and Leybaert,Luc and Naeyaert,Jean-Marie}
}
@article {56,
	title = {Cloning and characterization of a trypsin-encoding cDNA of the human body louse Pediculus humanus},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9303579; 0 (DNA Primers); EC 3.4.21.4 (Trypsin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {9 - 18},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {From a cDNA library of the whole insect, a trypsin gene of Pediculus humanus has been cloned and sequenced. The 908 bp clone has an open reading frame of 759 bp, which encodes a pre-proenzyme with 253 amino acid residues. A sixteen-residue N-terminal signal peptide is followed by a twelve-residue activation peptide with putative cleavage sites at Gly16 and Tyr28. The deduced amino acid sequence has several features typical of trypsin proteases and an overall identity of 35-43\% with the trypsins of several haematophagous Diptera. The 1.0 kb genomic trypsin gene contains three introns of 102, 79 and 80 nucleotides following the codons for Gly16, Gln74 and Ala155, respectively. Only a single gene seems to be present. In Northern blot analysis, unfed first instar larvae have an identical or slightly lower level of trypsin mRNA than fed adult lice, and in adults 2-24 h after the bloodmeal this gene shows a constitutive expression. After in vitro transcription and translation, the activation peptide is cleaved by chymotrypsin, a so far unreported phenomenon in trypsin activation.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Base Sequence, Blotting, Northern, Comparative Study, dna, electrophoresis, genes, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, Transition Temperature, Trypsin/genetics},
	isbn = {0962-1075},
	author = {Kollien,A. H. and Waniek,P. J. and Pr{\"o}ls,F. and Habedank,Birgit and Schaub,G. A.}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Clinical pediatrics},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 0372606; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {523 - 527},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {An estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Drug Costs, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/economics, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0009-9228},
	author = {Hansen,R. C. and O{\textquoteright}Haver,J.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {670 - 674},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {0736-8046},
	author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {699 - 704},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm2. At 0.125 mg/cm2, pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm2, eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Fumigation/methods, insecticide, Oils, Volatile/toxicity, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Species Specificity},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44706.pdf},
	author = {Yang,Young-Cheol and Lee,Hoi-Seon and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Young-Joon}
}
@article {64,
	title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0374755; 0 (Plant Oils); 0 (Terpenes); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {2507 - 2511},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, l-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptusleaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. l-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Oocytes/drug effects, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Terpenes/pharmacology},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	author = {Yang,Y. C. and Choi,H. Y. and Choi,W. S. and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Y. J.}
}
