@article {96,
	title = {Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	address = {Canada},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects{\textquoteright} ability to {\textquoteright}resurrect{\textquoteright} after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {1203-4754},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Burkhart,Craig G. and Gunning,W. T.}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Use of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anaplura : Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {170 - 171},
	abstract = {Head lice are caused by the host-specific, ectoparasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and remain a common human infestation. As a response to increasing; resistance of head lice to present insecticidal agents, additional agents must be pursued. Inasmuch as nicotine has been used for controlling poultry lice, an in vitro study assessing its possible usage for human head lice was performed. Nicotine proved not to be an efficient insecticide, although it may facilitate removal of adult lice because it induces muscle twitches that may affect the insect{\textquoteright}s normal grip on hair follicles.},
	keywords = {capitis, clinical, control, head, humanus, lice, nicotine, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/37882.pdf},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig G. and Burkhart,Craig N.}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Bartonella quintana and urban trench fever},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {131 - 135},
	abstract = {Contemporary Bartonella quintana infections have emerged in diverse regions of the world, predominantly involving socially disadvantaged persons. Available data suggest that the human body louse Pediculus humanus is the vector for transmission of B. quintana. Descriptions of the clinical manifestations associated with contemporary B. quintana infections have varied considerably and include asymptomatic infection, a relapsing febrile illness, headache, leg pain, "culture-negative{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} endocarditis, and, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons, bacillary angiomatosis, Laboratory diagnosis is most convincing when B. quintana is isolated in blood culture, but growth often takes 20-40 days; problems exist with both sensitivity and specificity of serological assays. On the basis of available information, use of doxycycline, crythromycin, or azithromycin to treat B. quintana infections is recommended. Treatment of uncomplicated B. quintana bacteremia for 4-6 weeks and treatment of B. quintana endocarditis (in a person who does not undergo valve surgery) for 4-6 months are recommended, with the addition of a bactericidal agent (such as a third- generation cephalosporin or an aminoglycoside) during the initial 2-3 weeks of therapy for endocarditis.},
	keywords = {angiomatosis, bacillary, body, culture, diagnosis, infections, lice, patient, rochalimaea quintana, susceptibility},
	author = {Ohl,M. E. and Spach,D. H.}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Isoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Isoenzymes); EC 3.1. (Esterases); EC 5.4.2.2 (Phosphoglucomutase); ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {419 - 425},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali \& Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39\% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.},
	keywords = {animals, electrophoresis, France, humans, Isoenzymes/chemistry, Madagascar, Mali, Pediculus, polymorphism, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Senegal, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	author = {Amevigbe,M. D. and Ferrer,A. and Champorie,S. and Monteny,N. and Deunff,J. and Richard-Lenoble,D.}
}
@conference {92,
	title = {Louse-borne pathogens},
	booktitle = {Joint Meeting of the Southeastern \& South Carolina Branches of the American Society for Microbiology},
	volume = {NA},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {NA},
	abstract = {A number of pathogens are transmitted by lice, especially sucking lice (Anoplura), which are exclusively ectoparasites of eutherian mammals including humans. Louse-borne pathogens include swinepox virus which is transmitted by the hog louse, Haematopinus suis, seal heartworm, which is transmitted by the seal louse, Echinophthirius horridus , and various agents of rodent and lagomorph eperythrozoonosis, haemobartonellosis, and hepatozoonosis, which are transmitted by a variety of sucking louse species. In addition, the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is capable of transmitting at least three different pathogens of humans. These are Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic (louse-borne) typhus, Borrelia recurrentis which causes epidemic (louse-borne) relapsing fever, and Bartonella quintana, which causes a variety of ailments including trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis and endocarditis. In the recent past, when more humans were infested by body lice, these pathogens were major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Historically, epidemic typhus has been the most important of these pathogens and has affected humankind in many ways. For example, the Great Plague of Athens in 430 B.C., which effectively ended the preeminence of that culture, was almost certainly due to epidemic typhus. Also, Napoleon{\textquoteright}s army of 1812 that invaded Russia, lost more troops to epidemic typhus that to battle casualties and this greatly influenced the outcome of the campaign. In 1816- 1819, 700,00 cases of epidemic typhus occurred in Ireland; combined with the potato famine, this encouraged many people to emigrate to North America which resulted in epidemic typhus being introduced into this Continent. Many years later, European immigrants who had recovered from the disease would often experience recrudescent typhus (Brill-Zinsser disease) and initiate new epidemics. Today, because of widespread body louse control, louse-borne diseases of humans are relatively rare, especially in developed countries. Exceptions include recent outbreaks of epidemic typhus in Burundi, China, Ethiopia, Peru, and Russia; and of epidemic relapsing fever in several African nations. A recent resurgence of infections due to B. quintana is puzzling because this pathogen apparently can be transmitted opportunistically to immunocompromised or homeless people in the absence of lice; this has been recorded in several developed nations, including the United States.},
	keywords = {vector},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/3256.pdf},
	author = {Durden,Lance A.}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Partial purification of the aminopeptidase from the midgut of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Physiological Entomology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2000},
	note = {359BT PHYSIOL ENTOMOL},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {242 - 246},
	keywords = {pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus humanus humanus, physiology},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/37977.pdf},
	author = {Ochanda,James O. and Oduor,Eva A. C. and Galun,Rachel and Imbuga,Mabel O. and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y.}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis},
	journal = {Australasian Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0135232; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2001 May;42(2):146. PMID: 11400694; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2002 May;43(2):154. PMID: 11982579; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {250 - 254},
	address = {AUSTRALIA},
	abstract = {Viable head lice were found on the scalps of two family members following multiple topical insecticide treatments. The possibility of reinfestation had been reliably excluded. Persistent infestation could be diagnosed only after cutting the hair and combing repeatedly, which allowed visualization of juvenile (nymphal) and adult lice. Insecticide-resistant headlouse infestations are probably much more common than is generally realised and may persist unnoticed, so that more aggressive approaches will be needed to eradicate these ectoparasites from individuals and communities.},
	keywords = {animals, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, humans, Infant, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/therapy, Pediculus, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses},
	isbn = {0004-8380},
	author = {Bailey,Anita M. and Prociv,P.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
