@article {98,
	title = {Baseline susceptibility of a laboratory strain of Pediculus humanus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae) using a modified World Health Organization testing protocol},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {903 - 905},
	abstract = {The World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for determining resistance in body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), requires holding lice for long periods, which makes successful execution of the test difficult in field settings. The purpose of this study was to modify the WHO test procedure to make the holding period of lice shorter and the handling of lice easier. Susceptible lice from a laboratory colony were placed in a petri dish containing a paper that had been treated with an insecticide solution. After 6 h, the petri dish was turned on its side and lightly tapped on the table. Lice that were unable to cling to the paper were counted as knocked down. The KD50 in mg (AI)/ml of the insecticide solution used to treat the papers was as follows: lindane 0.060, permethrin 0.115, d-phenothrin 0.554, and malathion 1.008. If the diagnostic dose is set at 2 times the KD99, for this test procedure the diagnostic doses and WHO equivalent dose would be lindane, 0.368 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 0.132\%); permethrin, 0.498 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 0.206\%); d-phenothrin, 2.680 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 1.107\%); and malathion, 5.212 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 2.020\%).},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Laboratory, entomology, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, lindane, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, World Health Organization},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45047.pdf},
	author = {Zeichner,Brian C.}
}
@article {99,
	title = {The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {888 - 911},
	abstract = {The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.},
	keywords = {animals, classification, humans, Insect vectors, insecticide, lice, microbiology, phylogeny, physiology, Relapsing Fever, trench fever, typhus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45048.pdf},
	author = {Raoult,Didier and Roux,Veronique}
}
@article {100,
	title = {Epidemic typhus in Africa},
	journal = {Medecine Tropicale},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8710146; RF: 91; ppublish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {181 - 192},
	address = {FRANCE},
	abstract = {Epidemic typhus is caused by a small strictly intracellular virus named Rickettsia prowazekii, a member of the Rickettsial family. It is transmitted to man by the body louse, Pediculus humanus. Although now rare in Western countries, exanthematic typhus remains common in the Southern hemisphere due to poverty, inadequate clothing hygiene, and poor socioeconomic conditions. In Africa, outbreaks have historically occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, southwest Ouganda, and Ethiopia. The largest outbreak of epidemic typhus since the World War II was reported in Burundi where ongoing civil war since October 1993 has forced 10 p. 100 of the population of Burundi to live in cold, promiscuity, and malnutrition of makeshift refugee camps. The purpose of this report based on our two-year experience working with this unfortunate population is to describe the characteristics of this disease in Africa where the epidemic form had become rare until recently. Indeed political unrest as well as numerous civil wars are now epidmiological factors favorizing outbreaks of epidemic typhus at any time. This overview also provides an opportunity to recall epidemiological, bacteriological, and clinical aspects of typhus as well as diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the context of Africa.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Burundi, Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Outbreaks/statistics \& numerical data, English Abstract, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/microbiology, populations, risk factors, typhus, war},
	isbn = {0025-682X},
	author = {Ndihokubwayo,J. B. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {101,
	title = {Evidence of transmission of Pediculus humanus capitis deGeer, 1778 during school activities},
	journal = {Research and Reviews in Parasitology},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {53 - 55},
	keywords = {pediculosis, school, Transmission},
	author = {de Doucet,M. M. A. and Miranda,M. B. and Jalil,A. M.}
}
@article {102,
	title = {Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {530 - 532},
	abstract = {Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45061.pdf},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Arbogast,J. and Smythe,P. and Burkhart,Craig G.}
}
@inbook {103,
	title = {Investigations on the in vitro feeding and in vitro breeding of the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {241 - 248},
	author = {Habedank,Birgit and Schrader,G. and Scheurer,S. and Schein,E.},
	editor = {Robinson,W. H. and Rettich,F. and Rambo,G. W.}
}
@article {104,
	title = {Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in a Shiraz rural area, Iran [letter to the editor]},
	journal = {Annals of Saudi Medicine},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {277 - 278},
	author = {Ghavanini,Ahmed A.}
}
@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
