@article {258,
	title = {Pediculus humanus humanus (Linne 1758) resistance to D. D. T. in various localities of the Ecuadorian Andes},
	journal = {Revista Ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1968},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9427215; 0 (Insecticides); 50-29-3 (DDT); ppublish},
	month = {1968},
	pages = {141 - 143},
	address = {ECUADOR},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, Ecuador, humans, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, pharmacology, South America},
	isbn = {0013-0745},
	author = {Arzube,M. E.}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Clinical and laboratory trial employing carbaryl against the human head-louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (DeGeer)},
	journal = {Clinical and Experimental Dermatology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {605 - 612},
	keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0307-6938},
	author = {Maunder,John W.}
}
@article {184,
	title = {Insecticidal effect of precocene II on the human body louse, Pediculus humanus},
	journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1980},
	note = {LR: 20041118; JID: 7506129; 0 (Benzopyrans); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Juvenile Hormones); 644-06-4 (precocene II); ppublish},
	month = {1980},
	pages = {398 - 399},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, Benzopyrans/pharmacology, breeding, insecticide, juvenile hormone, Metamorphosis, Biological/drug effects, Pediculus, plants, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0035-9203},
	author = {Feldlaufer,M. F. and Eberle,M. W.}
}
@article {201,
	title = {Preliminary survey on susceptibility of "Pediculus humanus corporis" to insecticides in Teheran, Iran},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique et de ses filiales},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1976},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7503399; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish},
	month = {1976},
	pages = {538 - 540},
	address = {FRANCE},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, insecticide, Iran, lindane, malathion, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0037-9085},
	author = {Ardalan,A.}
}
@article {142,
	title = {Susceptibility of the human head and body louse, Pediculus humanus (Anoplura, Pediculidae) to insecticides},
	journal = {Insect Science and Its Application},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {223 - 226},
	abstract = {The susceptibility of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis collected from children in Isreal and that of a laboratory colony of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus to the insecticides malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, fenitrothion and dieldrin has been evaluated using standard WHO papers. The LT50 and LT95 were established using different exposure times. Deltamethrin had the highest "knock-down" effect, followed by permethrin and malathion. All insecticides except dieldrin gave higher mortality for body lice than for head lice. No differences in the susceptibility between adult and nymph lice could be observed.},
	keywords = {base line, human, insecticide, lice, pdf, Pediculus humanus, susceptibility},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38303.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {98,
	title = {Baseline susceptibility of a laboratory strain of Pediculus humanus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae) using a modified World Health Organization testing protocol},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {903 - 905},
	abstract = {The World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for determining resistance in body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), requires holding lice for long periods, which makes successful execution of the test difficult in field settings. The purpose of this study was to modify the WHO test procedure to make the holding period of lice shorter and the handling of lice easier. Susceptible lice from a laboratory colony were placed in a petri dish containing a paper that had been treated with an insecticide solution. After 6 h, the petri dish was turned on its side and lightly tapped on the table. Lice that were unable to cling to the paper were counted as knocked down. The KD50 in mg (AI)/ml of the insecticide solution used to treat the papers was as follows: lindane 0.060, permethrin 0.115, d-phenothrin 0.554, and malathion 1.008. If the diagnostic dose is set at 2 times the KD99, for this test procedure the diagnostic doses and WHO equivalent dose would be lindane, 0.368 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 0.132\%); permethrin, 0.498 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 0.206\%); d-phenothrin, 2.680 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 1.107\%); and malathion, 5.212 mg (AI)/ml (WHO 2.020\%).},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Laboratory, entomology, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, lindane, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, World Health Organization},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45047.pdf},
	author = {Zeichner,Brian C.}
}
@article {99,
	title = {The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {888 - 911},
	abstract = {The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.},
	keywords = {animals, classification, humans, Insect vectors, insecticide, lice, microbiology, phylogeny, physiology, Relapsing Fever, trench fever, typhus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45048.pdf},
	author = {Raoult,Didier and Roux,Veronique}
}
@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb},
	journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {923 - 924},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington},
	author = {Bell,T. A.}
}
@article {118,
	title = {Interest and limits of tests to evaluate pediculicides efficacy},
	journal = {Bulletin de L Academie Nationale de Medecine},
	volume = {180},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {1315 - 1324},
	abstract = {The obligation to prove pediculicides efficacy is relatively recent.  Two tests are required by the autorities to obtain registration, In  vitro test (with Pediculus humanus humanus) is the first step to  evaluate the efficacy of new molecules. It must be followed by  bio-clinical tests (with infested children by Pediculus humanus  capitis). For those tests the autors advise to respect the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}three  units rule{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} : unit of time (no more than 2 days for the test), unit of  place (same environment) and unit of action (only one team to apply and  evaluate products). This type of tests is possible only in countries  with high infestation (at least 60 \% of prevalence). A third test is  consequently advised, the ex vivo test using Pediculus humanus capitis  obtained from infested children in France. This test can be useful also  to re-evaluate current products in the light of increased resistance or  decreased sensitivity of the lice. Finally some other tests can be  advised to prove some other activities like remanence or repellent  properties or to estimate lice resistance.},
	keywords = {drug, drugs, insecticide, lice, pediculosis, resistance},
	author = {Combescot,Charles and Combescot-Lang,Catherine and Nadon,Jacques de and Remy-Kristensen,Arlette and Richard-Lenoble,Dominique}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {427 - 432},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.},
	keywords = {body, capitis, children, control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38552.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {124,
	title = {Topical application of ivermectin for human ectoparasites},
	journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370507; 0 (Insecticides); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {652 - 653},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {Ivermectin is used in veterinary practice against many ectoparasites and endoparasites and is the drug of choice for treatment of human onchocerciasis. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of topical application of this drug against human ectoparasites (Sarcoptes scabiei and Pediculus humanus capitis). Ivernectin was found to have a curative effect on head lice after a single topical application. In patients with scabies, the drug was also found to be effective after a single application. However, in 50\% of the cases, another application was needed five days later.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Sarcoptes scabiei, scabies},
	isbn = {0002-9637},
	author = {Youssef,M. Y. and Sadaka,H. A. and Eissa,M. M. and el-Ariny,A. F.}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Prevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1\% permethrin and 0.4\% d-phenothrin in Turkey},
	journal = {Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove)},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9705947; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {73 - 75},
	address = {Czech Republic},
	abstract = {Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4\% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1\% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7\% in the 1\% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5\% in the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1\% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Turkey/epidemiology},
	isbn = {1211-4286},
	author = {Tanyuksel,M. and Araz,R. E. and Albay,A. and Aycicek,H.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Clinical pediatrics},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 0372606; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {523 - 527},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {An estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Drug Costs, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/economics, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0009-9228},
	author = {Hansen,R. C. and O{\textquoteright}Haver,J.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {670 - 674},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {0736-8046},
	author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {699 - 704},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm2. At 0.125 mg/cm2, pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm2, eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Fumigation/methods, insecticide, Oils, Volatile/toxicity, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Species Specificity},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44706.pdf},
	author = {Yang,Young-Cheol and Lee,Hoi-Seon and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Young-Joon}
}
