@article {123,
	title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {427 - 432},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.},
	keywords = {body, capitis, children, control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38552.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {34,
	title = {The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {55 - 56},
	abstract = {New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigantknockdown time 50\% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essentialoils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay,none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellencytest, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control(piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.},
	keywords = {aliphatic, capitis, Lactones, pediculosis, Pediculus, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46185.pdf},
	author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Faillaci,Silvina and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {41,
	title = {Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {533 - 538},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculis capitis De Geer, populations were investigated for permethrin and malathion resistance after initial establishment of a discriminating dose of topical application bioassay with body lice, Pediculus humanus L. For both insecticides, ≈2 times the lethal dose (LD)95 at 4 h was selected, 2 ng of permethrin and 100 ng of malathion per head louse, respectively. Head lice were collected from heads of infested children in Denmark at 33 primary schools, one kindergarten, and seven boarding schools. The lice were collected by combing of dry hair, with a fine-toothed antilouse comb attached to a vacuum cleaner. A resistance survey covers head lice collected from 208 of 1,441 persons combed. The frequency of permethrin- and malathion-resistant head lice is high in Danish head lice populations. In 17 of 24 samples tested for permethrin resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Six samples had between 3 and 25\% dead head lice, whereas one sample had 60\% mortality. In nine of 25 samples tested for malathion resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Seven samples had <25\% dead head lice, and four samples had a mortality of 50\% or more at the discriminating dose. The connection between permethrin resistance and kdr-like mutations is confirmed by our findings. The frequency of the double mutation T929I-L932 F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance was 0.95 in Danish head lice populations.},
	keywords = {bioassay, capitis, humanus, knockdown, Pediculus, pyrethroid, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46259.pdf},
	author = {Kristensen,Michael and Knorr,Mette and Rasmussen,Anne-Marie and Jespersen,J{\o}rgen B.}
}
