@article {380, title = {Die L{\"a}use. A tetvek}, journal = {Rovart. Lapok.}, volume = {11}, year = {1904}, note = {375}, month = {1904}, pages = {177 - 184}, keywords = {Artiodactyla, asini, Europe, geography, Haematopinus, Haematopinus suis, Haemodipsus lyriocephalus, Lagomorpha, Linognathus setosus, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus humanus, Perissodactyla, polyplax serrata, Primates, Pthirus pubis, rodentia, stenopsis, Troester}, author = {Cziki,Ern{\"o}} } @inbook {308, title = {Anoplura.}, booktitle = {Svensk Insektfauna}, series = {Svensk Insektfauna.}, volume = {5}, year = {1950}, note = {437; Svensk Insektfauna, Stockholm.}, month = {1950}, pages = {71}, address = {Stockholm.}, keywords = {Antarctophthirus, biology, control, Echinophthirius horridus, egg, Enderleinellus nitzschi, Europe, geography, Haematopinus, Haemodipsus lyriocephalus, Hoplopleura acanthopus, host list, Linognathus setosus vituli stenopsis, Medizin. Bedeutung, Methodik, Morphologie allg., Neohaematopinus sciuri, Pediculus humanus, Polyplax spinulosa, Pthirus pubis, Solenopotes, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41905.pdf}, author = {Brinck,Per} } @inbook {314, title = {Anoplura: chapter IX.}, booktitle = {Catalogus insectorum sueciae}, volume = {13}, year = {1948}, note = {473}, month = {1948}, pages = {129 - 133}, keywords = {Baltikum, Echinophthirius horridus, Enderleinellus nitzschi, Europe, geography, Germany, Haemodipsus lyriocephalus, Hoplopleura acanthopus, host list, Linognathus setosus stenopsis vituli, Pediculus humanus, polyplax serrata, Pthirus pubis, Solenopotes, spinigera, Troester}, author = {Brinck,Per} } @article {70, title = {The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus}, journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies}, volume = {326}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 101140040; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (Peptide Elongation Factor 1); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 18S); ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {565 - 574}, address = {France}, abstract = {In order to investigate human-louse phylogeny, we partially sequenced two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha) and one mitochondrial (COI) genes from 155 Pediculus from different geographical origins. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha sequences showed that human lice were classified into lice from Sub-Saharan Africa and lice from other areas. In both clusters, head and body lice were clearly grouped into two separate clusters. Our results indicate that the earliest divergence within human pediculidae occurred between African lice and other lice, and the divergence between head and body lice was not the result from a single event.}, keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, dna, geography, humans, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics}, isbn = {1631-0691}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45968.pdf}, author = {Yong,Z. and Fournier,P. E. and Rydkina,E. and Raoult,Didier} } @article {71, title = {In vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {628 - 635}, abstract = {Four geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10\% slower development and approximately 15\% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9\% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20\%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50\%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.}, keywords = {animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Feeding Behavior, geography, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology, Molting/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44763.pdf}, author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Yoon,Kyong Sup and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall} } @article {85, title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species}, journal = {Insect Molecular Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {651 - 657}, abstract = {The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.}, keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44841.pdf}, author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Barker,Stephen C.} }