@article {173,
	title = {Malathion for treatment of Pediculus humanus var capitis infestation},
	journal = {JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association},
	volume = {247},
	year = {1982},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7501160; 0 (Vehicles); 121-75-5 (Malathion); ppublish},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {3103 - 3105},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {One hundred fifteen subjects took part in a double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of 0.5\% malathion lotion (Prioderm lotion) and the alcoholic vehicle of the lotion as pediculicides in the treatment of head lice. The subjects, with a mean age of 9 years, had long-standing lice infestations and at least 20 viable ova. The subjects were treated with the test preparation, which was allowed to remain on the hair for 12 hours. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy for the malathion lotion was significant; overall clinical evaluation by the investigators showed a significant number of moderate to marked therapeutic responses to malathion lotion. Only one adverse reaction (in the malathion lotion group) was reported, the stinging of pyodermal lesions in reaction to the alcoholic vehicle. Other concomitant scalp diseases were unchanged or improved at the end of the study.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, Double Blind, Drug Resistance, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Pyoderma, Random Allocation, scalp dermatoses, Vehicles},
	isbn = {0098-7484},
	author = {Taplin,David and Castillero,P. M. and Spiegel,J. and Mercer,S. and Rivera,A. A. and Schachner,L.}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Findings of body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) in Czechoslovakia},
	journal = {Ceskoslovenska Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1992},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2984708R; ppublish},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {362 - 365},
	address = {CZECHOSLOVAKIA},
	abstract = {The first finding of body lice in Czechoslovakia since year 1945 is demonstrated. The determination of the species is based on the location of the louse on the body of the infested person and on the significant differences in the length of tibia of middle legs in these lice and those collected from the head of children. Local eradication was achieved by using formulation containing permethrin, against head lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, Czechoslovakia, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0009-0522},
	author = {Rupes,V. and Chmela,J. and Kapoun,S.}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1\% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1988},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370471; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (RID); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {768 - 769},
	abstract = {In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1\% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations/therapeutic use, Drug Evaluation, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Random Allocation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45388.pdf},
	author = {Carson,D. S. and Tribble,P. W. and Weart,C. W.}
}
@article {155,
	title = {An allergic reaction from contact with Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice)},
	journal = {Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde},
	volume = {128},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {1860 - 1861},
	keywords = {adult, dermatitis, humans, hypersensitivity, Pediculus},
	author = {Lafeber,A.}
}
@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb},
	journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {923 - 924},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington},
	author = {Bell,T. A.}
}
@article {86,
	title = {A preliminary pilot survey on head lice, pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant extracts},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; 0 (Plant Extracts); ppublish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {725 - 736},
	address = {Egypt},
	abstract = {Twelve different representative areas in Sharkia Governorate were surveyed for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. The pre-valence was investigated among 120 houses containing 2,448 individual, with different age, sex and socioeconomic status. Examination was done by naked eye aided with hand-lens. A total of 137 individuals were infested. Infestation rates were higher in the rural areas with low socioeconomic levels, concrete houses with over-crowded family members. Children had significantly higher infestation rates than adults. Males had lower infestation rates than females. However, the hair length and permanent hair washing were the factors accounted for both age and sex difference in prevalence of pediculosis. Head lice infestations were found all over the year, but increased in summer and spring. One hundred infested patients (90 females and 10 males) with different aged and hair length were treated with tour mixed cream from plants Lawsonia alba L. (Henna). Trigonella faemum-gracanum (Fenugreek), Hibiscus cannabinus (Hibiscus) and Artemisia cina (Wormseed). The head lice completely disappeared within a week among those patients treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100\%) or mixed with helba (75\%) or with karkada (50\%).},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Hibiscus/chemistry, humans, Infant, Lawsonia Plant/chemistry, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Trigonella/chemistry},
	isbn = {0253-5890},
	author = {El-Basheir,Z. M. and Fouad,M. A.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {670 - 674},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {0736-8046},
	author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.}
}
