@article {96,
	title = {Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	address = {Canada},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects{\textquoteright} ability to {\textquoteright}resurrect{\textquoteright} after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {1203-4754},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Burkhart,Craig G. and Gunning,W. T.}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Isoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Isoenzymes); EC 3.1. (Esterases); EC 5.4.2.2 (Phosphoglucomutase); ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {419 - 425},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali \& Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39\% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.},
	keywords = {animals, electrophoresis, France, humans, Isoenzymes/chemistry, Madagascar, Mali, Pediculus, polymorphism, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Senegal, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	author = {Amevigbe,M. D. and Ferrer,A. and Champorie,S. and Monteny,N. and Deunff,J. and Richard-Lenoble,D.}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis},
	journal = {Australasian Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0135232; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2001 May;42(2):146. PMID: 11400694; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2002 May;43(2):154. PMID: 11982579; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {250 - 254},
	address = {AUSTRALIA},
	abstract = {Viable head lice were found on the scalps of two family members following multiple topical insecticide treatments. The possibility of reinfestation had been reliably excluded. Persistent infestation could be diagnosed only after cutting the hair and combing repeatedly, which allowed visualization of juvenile (nymphal) and adult lice. Insecticide-resistant headlouse infestations are probably much more common than is generally realised and may persist unnoticed, so that more aggressive approaches will be needed to eradicate these ectoparasites from individuals and communities.},
	keywords = {animals, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, humans, Infant, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/therapy, Pediculus, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses},
	isbn = {0004-8380},
	author = {Bailey,Anita M. and Prociv,P.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
