@article {84,
	title = {Detection of Bartonella quintana from body lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) infesting homeless people in Tokyo by molecular technique},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {427 - 429},
	abstract = {We report detection of Bartonella quintana Brenner, the pathogenic agent of trench fever, from body lice, Pediculus humanus L., infesting homeless people in Tokyo by polymerase chain reaction. Two of 12 (16.7\%) homeless were infested with Bartonella-positive body lice. From the current status of the recent increase of homeless people in many large cities of the developed countries, a medical examination of homeless people should be carefully performed in the consideration of trench fever. Sampling of body lice from clothing of homeless people is recommended for quick and accurate diagnosis of trench fever through the detection of B. quintana DNA.},
	keywords = {animals, Bartonella quintana/genetics/isolation \& purification, dna, homeless, humans, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, trench fever},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44866.pdf},
	author = {Sasaki,Toshinori and Kobayashi,Mutsuo and Agui,Noriaki}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {651 - 657},
	abstract = {The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44841.pdf},
	author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {86,
	title = {A preliminary pilot survey on head lice, pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant extracts},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; 0 (Plant Extracts); ppublish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {725 - 736},
	address = {Egypt},
	abstract = {Twelve different representative areas in Sharkia Governorate were surveyed for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. The pre-valence was investigated among 120 houses containing 2,448 individual, with different age, sex and socioeconomic status. Examination was done by naked eye aided with hand-lens. A total of 137 individuals were infested. Infestation rates were higher in the rural areas with low socioeconomic levels, concrete houses with over-crowded family members. Children had significantly higher infestation rates than adults. Males had lower infestation rates than females. However, the hair length and permanent hair washing were the factors accounted for both age and sex difference in prevalence of pediculosis. Head lice infestations were found all over the year, but increased in summer and spring. One hundred infested patients (90 females and 10 males) with different aged and hair length were treated with tour mixed cream from plants Lawsonia alba L. (Henna). Trigonella faemum-gracanum (Fenugreek), Hibiscus cannabinus (Hibiscus) and Artemisia cina (Wormseed). The head lice completely disappeared within a week among those patients treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100\%) or mixed with helba (75\%) or with karkada (50\%).},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Hibiscus/chemistry, humans, Infant, Lawsonia Plant/chemistry, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Trigonella/chemistry},
	isbn = {0253-5890},
	author = {El-Basheir,Z. M. and Fouad,M. A.}
}
