@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb},
	journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {923 - 924},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington},
	author = {Bell,T. A.}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Prevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1\% permethrin and 0.4\% d-phenothrin in Turkey},
	journal = {Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove)},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9705947; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {73 - 75},
	address = {Czech Republic},
	abstract = {Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4\% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1\% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7\% in the 1\% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5\% in the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1\% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Turkey/epidemiology},
	isbn = {1211-4286},
	author = {Tanyuksel,M. and Araz,R. E. and Albay,A. and Aycicek,H.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Clinical pediatrics},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 0372606; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {523 - 527},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {An estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Drug Costs, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/economics, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0009-9228},
	author = {Hansen,R. C. and O{\textquoteright}Haver,J.}
}
