@article {252,
	title = {New aspects in electron microscopy by scanning in dermatology. Cutaneous parasitology: Pediculus humanus capitis and Phtirus inguinalis},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1969},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7503407; ppublish},
	month = {1969},
	pages = {768 - 771},
	address = {FRANCE},
	keywords = {adult, child, humans, Lice Infestations, Lice/anatomy \& histology, Microscopy, Electron},
	author = {Carteaud,J. P.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Pediculus humanus humanus (Linne 1758) resistance to D. D. T. in various localities of the Ecuadorian Andes},
	journal = {Revista Ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1968},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9427215; 0 (Insecticides); 50-29-3 (DDT); ppublish},
	month = {1968},
	pages = {141 - 143},
	address = {ECUADOR},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, Ecuador, humans, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, pharmacology, South America},
	isbn = {0013-0745},
	author = {Arzube,M. E.}
}
@article {263,
	title = {Differentiation of the sensitivity of Pediculus humanus humanus L. to organic chlorine insecticides with special regard to physiological and environmental conditions. II. Influence of physiological conditions (age, satiety) on the sensitivity of the cause},
	journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1966},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0414756; 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish},
	month = {1966},
	pages = {337 - 44 contd},
	address = {POLAND},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, humans, lice, lindane, pharmacology},
	isbn = {0035-7715},
	author = {Styczynska,Bogumila}
}
@article {269,
	title = {New method for the destruction of Pediculus humanus. Study on the ingestion of phenylbutazone in humans and rabbits},
	journal = {ud Publica de Mexico},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1965},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0404371; 50-33-9 (Phenylbutazone); ppublish},
	month = {1965},
	pages = {183 - 187},
	address = {MEXICO},
	keywords = {animals, drug, humans, lice, Rabbit},
	isbn = {0036-3634},
	author = {Varela,Gerardo and Bravo-Becherelle,M. A. and Velasco,R.}
}
@article {173,
	title = {Malathion for treatment of Pediculus humanus var capitis infestation},
	journal = {JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association},
	volume = {247},
	year = {1982},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7501160; 0 (Vehicles); 121-75-5 (Malathion); ppublish},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {3103 - 3105},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {One hundred fifteen subjects took part in a double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of 0.5\% malathion lotion (Prioderm lotion) and the alcoholic vehicle of the lotion as pediculicides in the treatment of head lice. The subjects, with a mean age of 9 years, had long-standing lice infestations and at least 20 viable ova. The subjects were treated with the test preparation, which was allowed to remain on the hair for 12 hours. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy for the malathion lotion was significant; overall clinical evaluation by the investigators showed a significant number of moderate to marked therapeutic responses to malathion lotion. Only one adverse reaction (in the malathion lotion group) was reported, the stinging of pyodermal lesions in reaction to the alcoholic vehicle. Other concomitant scalp diseases were unchanged or improved at the end of the study.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, Double Blind, Drug Resistance, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Pyoderma, Random Allocation, scalp dermatoses, Vehicles},
	isbn = {0098-7484},
	author = {Taplin,David and Castillero,P. M. and Spiegel,J. and Mercer,S. and Rivera,A. A. and Schachner,L.}
}
@article {175,
	title = {Resistance of head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer) to DDT in Malaysia},
	journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {72 - 74},
	abstract = {A survey of 308,101 schoolchildren conducted in 10 of 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia revealed that 10.7\% have Pediculus humanus capitis infestation. The results of treatment with 1\%, 2\% and 5\% DDT in coconut oil in 374 cases reveal cure rates of 3.5\%, 15.8\% and 51.3\%, respectively, suggesting that the head louse has probably developed resistance to this insecticide in Malaysia.},
	keywords = {adolescent, child, DDT, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malaysia, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45560.pdf},
	author = {Sinniah,B. and Sinniah,D.}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Clinical and laboratory trial employing carbaryl against the human head-louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (DeGeer)},
	journal = {Clinical and Experimental Dermatology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {605 - 612},
	keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0307-6938},
	author = {Maunder,John W.}
}
@article {182,
	title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis among school girls of Chuang-Wei and Nan-Ao Districts in I-Lan County and Man-Chow District in Ping-Tung County, Taiwan},
	journal = {Zhonghua min guo wei sheng wu ji mian yi xue za zhi = Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1981},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8008067; ppublish},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {10 - 18},
	address = {TAIWAN},
	abstract = {By using the naked eye examination and comb method, a field survey and combing collection of head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) among school girls in three different area (Man-Chow, Nan-Ao and Chuang-Wei) of Taiwan were performed from July 1979 to February, 1980. The general infestation rate of head louse was 39.8\% (or 998/2,509). In the primary schools, comparatively, the rate at Man-Chow (66.7\%) was highest, the next at Nan-Ao (55.4\%) and the lowest at Chuang-Wei (39.4\%). While in the junior high schools, the rate was apparently higher at Nan-Ao (38.4\%) than that at Man-Chow (15.6\%) and Chang-Wei (12.0\%). The highest rate in the primary schools was found in 3rd graders except at Chuang-Wei in 5th graders. The corresponding figure in the junior high schools was found in 1st graders except at Nan-Ao in 2nd graders. Of 774 infested girls studied, according to the number of lice per infested girl, the percentages of infestation in the 5 groups were: the very light (nits only) 54.5, light (1-10) 38.5, moderate (11-50) 6.5, heavy (51-100) 0.4 and very heavy (over 100) 0.1 respectively. Of 2,178 head lice examined, 53.0\% was nymphs; 28.7\% females; 18.2\% males. The average number of head louse in each infested girl 6.2.},
	keywords = {Age Factors, animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/etiology, Pediculus, Taiwan},
	isbn = {0253-2662},
	author = {Chao,D. and Liu,H. Y. and Fan,P. C.}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Spread of scabies and Pediculus humanus among the children at Sivas orphanage},
	journal = {Indian pediatrics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1994},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985062R; ppublish},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {210 - 213},
	address = {INDIA},
	keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, humans, India, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Lice/parasitology, scabies},
	isbn = {0019-6061},
	author = {Ozturkcan,S. and Ozcelik,S. and Saygi,G. and Ozcelik,S.}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Findings of body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) in Czechoslovakia},
	journal = {Ceskoslovenska Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1992},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2984708R; ppublish},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {362 - 365},
	address = {CZECHOSLOVAKIA},
	abstract = {The first finding of body lice in Czechoslovakia since year 1945 is demonstrated. The determination of the species is based on the location of the louse on the body of the infested person and on the significant differences in the length of tibia of middle legs in these lice and those collected from the head of children. Local eradication was achieved by using formulation containing permethrin, against head lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, Czechoslovakia, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0009-0522},
	author = {Rupes,V. and Chmela,J. and Kapoun,S.}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1\% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1988},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370471; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (RID); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {768 - 769},
	abstract = {In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1\% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations/therapeutic use, Drug Evaluation, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Random Allocation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45388.pdf},
	author = {Carson,D. S. and Tribble,P. W. and Weart,C. W.}
}
@article {146,
	title = {Comparison of pediculicidal and ovicidal effects of two pyrethrin-piperonyl-butoxide agents},
	journal = {Clinical therapeutics},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1987},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7706726; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); ppublish},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {368 - 372},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {A pyrethrin-piperonyl-butoxide shampoo was compared with a similarly formulated lotion for their pediculicidal and ovicidal effects against head lice. Forty children with active Pediculus humanus capitis infestation were randomly assigned to one of two groups for a single treatment with either the shampoo or the lotion. An average of ten nits were taken from each patient both before and after treatment. These eggs were incubated for 14 days, the resulting lice counted, and their conditions noted. Lice recovered from the rinse water after treatment were also counted and observed. Although both products proved to be effective in killing lice, the shampoo had greater ovicidal efficacy, 50\% versus 25\% for the lotion, after adjustment for natural mortality of the ova.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, scalp},
	isbn = {0149-2918},
	author = {Pitman,N. K. and Hernandez,A. and Hernandez,E.}
}
@article {155,
	title = {An allergic reaction from contact with Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice)},
	journal = {Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde},
	volume = {128},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {1860 - 1861},
	keywords = {adult, dermatitis, humans, hypersensitivity, Pediculus},
	author = {Lafeber,A.}
}
@article {156,
	title = {An attempt to infect human body lice, Pediculus humanus var corporis on a mild case of murine typhus},
	journal = {China Medical Journal},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1984},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7513795; ppublish},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {158 - 164},
	address = {CHINA},
	keywords = {animals, guinea pigs, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/microbiology, Middle Aged, Rabbit, Rickettsia/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, typhus},
	isbn = {0366-6999},
	author = {Li,J. X. and Fu,R. S. and Liu,W. T.}
}
@article {162,
	title = {Comparative study of DDT, carbaryl (Sevin) and Actellic (pirimiphos-methyl) in the treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Public health},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1983},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376507; 0 (Organothiophosphorus Compounds); 29232-93-7 (pirimiphos methyl); 50-29-3 (DDT); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); ppublish},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {3 - 7},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {adolescent, carbaryl, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, DDT, Drug Evaluation, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malaysia, organophosphate, patient, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0033-3506},
	author = {Sinniah,B. and Sinniah,D.}
}
@article {96,
	title = {Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {181 - 185},
	address = {Canada},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects{\textquoteright} ability to {\textquoteright}resurrect{\textquoteright} after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {1203-4754},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Burkhart,Craig G. and Gunning,W. T.}
}
@article {99,
	title = {The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {888 - 911},
	abstract = {The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.},
	keywords = {animals, classification, humans, Insect vectors, insecticide, lice, microbiology, phylogeny, physiology, Relapsing Fever, trench fever, typhus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45048.pdf},
	author = {Raoult,Didier and Roux,Veronique}
}
@article {100,
	title = {Epidemic typhus in Africa},
	journal = {Medecine Tropicale},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8710146; RF: 91; ppublish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {181 - 192},
	address = {FRANCE},
	abstract = {Epidemic typhus is caused by a small strictly intracellular virus named Rickettsia prowazekii, a member of the Rickettsial family. It is transmitted to man by the body louse, Pediculus humanus. Although now rare in Western countries, exanthematic typhus remains common in the Southern hemisphere due to poverty, inadequate clothing hygiene, and poor socioeconomic conditions. In Africa, outbreaks have historically occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, southwest Ouganda, and Ethiopia. The largest outbreak of epidemic typhus since the World War II was reported in Burundi where ongoing civil war since October 1993 has forced 10 p. 100 of the population of Burundi to live in cold, promiscuity, and malnutrition of makeshift refugee camps. The purpose of this report based on our two-year experience working with this unfortunate population is to describe the characteristics of this disease in Africa where the epidemic form had become rare until recently. Indeed political unrest as well as numerous civil wars are now epidmiological factors favorizing outbreaks of epidemic typhus at any time. This overview also provides an opportunity to recall epidemiological, bacteriological, and clinical aspects of typhus as well as diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the context of Africa.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Burundi, Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Outbreaks/statistics \& numerical data, English Abstract, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/microbiology, populations, risk factors, typhus, war},
	isbn = {0025-682X},
	author = {Ndihokubwayo,J. B. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {102,
	title = {Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {530 - 532},
	abstract = {Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45061.pdf},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Arbogast,J. and Smythe,P. and Burkhart,Craig G.}
}
@article {105,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)},
	journal = {Cutis},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {259 - 264},
	abstract = {Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.},
	keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim},
	author = {Elston,D. M.}
}
@article {107,
	title = {Infestation by Pediculus humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae) in a metropolitan area of southeast Brazil},
	journal = {Revista de Saude Publica},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {77 - 81},
	abstract = {Adults, nymphs and nits of the Pediculus humanus were found in a frame-house infesting the clothes and bedding of three inhabitants in a shanty town in S. Paulo county, S. Paulo State. A total of 198 nits were found glued in 15.0 cm2 of fibres of the infested clothing, giving a ratio of 13.2 nits/cm2. Having in view that the precarious living conditions, promiscuity, absence of basic sanitation and negligence of the sanitary authorities in various Brazilian cities, this situation should not be underestimated. This find should be more frequent than an isolated observation.},
	keywords = {adolescent, animals, Beds/parasitology, Brazil, child, Clothing, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45103.pdf},
	author = {Linardi,Pedro Marcos and Barata,Jos{\'e} Maria Soares and Urbinatti,Paulo Roberto and de Souza,Doralice and Botelho,Jos{\'e} Ramiro and De Maria,M{\'a}rio}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb},
	journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {923 - 924},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington},
	author = {Bell,T. A.}
}
@article {113,
	title = {The taxonomy of human head and body lice},
	journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni},
	volume = {(2)},
	year = {1997},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376635; RF: 26; ppublish},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {38 - 40},
	address = {RUSSIA},
	abstract = {The paper considers the systematic points and nomenclature of the genus Pediculus lice. On the basis of some biological and environmental features, it provides evidence for species-specific independence of head and body lice. The morphological identity and reproductive insulating property allow one to subsume them under the heading of double species. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the names of Pediculus humanus L., 1758, and Pediculus corporis De Geer, 1778, are proposed for head and body lice, respectively.},
	keywords = {animals, English Abstract, humans, Pediculus, terminology},
	isbn = {0025-8326},
	author = {Chirov,P. A. and Ozerova,R. A.}
}
@article {124,
	title = {Topical application of ivermectin for human ectoparasites},
	journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370507; 0 (Insecticides); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {652 - 653},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {Ivermectin is used in veterinary practice against many ectoparasites and endoparasites and is the drug of choice for treatment of human onchocerciasis. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of topical application of this drug against human ectoparasites (Sarcoptes scabiei and Pediculus humanus capitis). Ivernectin was found to have a curative effect on head lice after a single topical application. In patients with scabies, the drug was also found to be effective after a single application. However, in 50\% of the cases, another application was needed five days later.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Sarcoptes scabiei, scabies},
	isbn = {0002-9637},
	author = {Youssef,M. Y. and Sadaka,H. A. and Eissa,M. M. and el-Ariny,A. F.}
}
@article {125,
	title = {Controlled study of malathion and d-phenothrin lotions for Pediculus humanus var capitis infested schoolchildren},
	journal = {Lancet},
	volume = {344},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {1724 - 1727},
	abstract = {Anecdotal reports have suggested that reduced efficacy of pediculicides against Pediculus humanus capitis could be related to resistance to treatments. Ovicidal and pediculicidal activities of 0.5\% malathion and 0.3\% d-phenothrin lotions were tested in an experimental model of P humanus capitis grown on rabbits to ensure that the two treatments were pharmacologically equipotent. We then did a randomised controlled trial in which the lotions were administered to 193 P humanus capitis-infested schoolchildren (malathion, 95; d-phenothrin, 98). Success rate was defined as the absence of both live lice and viable nits. Before treatment, live lice were collected and subjected to a pediculicidal test. Pharmacological tests showed 100\% killing of the rabbit-grown nits and lice after exposure to both pediculicides. On day 1 of the controlled trial, the success rate was 92\% in the malathion group (95\% CI, 0.86-0.97) and 40\% in the d-phenothrin group (0.30-0.49) (p < 0.0001); on day 7, it was 95\% in the malathion group (0.90-0.99) and 39\% in the d-phenothrin group (0.29-0.48, p < 0.0001). Malathion was also significantly more active in the pediculicidal tests compared to d-phenothrin and control. These results suggest an acquired resistance to d-phenothrin in the schoolchildren tested, since all other conditions of the administration of insecticides were standardised.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Rabbit, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45219.pdf},
	author = {Chosidow,Olivier and Chastang,C. and Brue,C. and Bouvet,E. and Izri,M. and Monteny,N. and Bastuji-Garin,S. and Rousset,J. J. and Revuz,J.}
}
@article {66,
	title = {Pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of eastern Poland},
	journal = {European journal of epidemiology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8508062; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {491 - 495},
	address = {Netherlands},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of head pediculosis in the rural and urban environments of Lublin Province (eastern Poland) in 1996-2000 and to examine socioeconomic factors influencing distribution among schoolchildren. A total of 95,153 schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas were examined twice yearly by school nurses. The overall rate of head pediculosis differs significantly between rural (1.59\%) and urban (0.48\%) schools in eastern Poland. Children between 8 and 12 years old were most frequently infested. Pediculosis was observed most frequently in girls both in the urban (63.5\%) and rural (75.3\%) schools and this was related with hairstyles. The prevalence of pediculosis decreased with increasing life standards, i.e. with high income, accessibility and consumption of water and better health care systems. Our findings showed that prevalence of pediculosis capitis depends on the age and sex of the schoolchildren and their living conditions. Hygienic controls of schoolchildren by nurses are important in the elimination of Pediculus humanus capitis. Our results confirmed pediculosis capitis is still a problem in different environments, particularly with lower life standards and poorer economic conditions of health care.},
	keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Poland, prevalence, risk factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/classification/statistics \& numerical data, urban},
	isbn = {0393-2990},
	author = {Buczek,A. and Markowska-Gosik,D. and Widomska,D. and Kawa,I. M.}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Prevalence and parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis in six to eleven-year-old schoolchildren},
	journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 7507456; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {499 - 501},
	address = {Brazil},
	abstract = {The aim of this work was to determine head lice parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis and its variation, according to both gender and age in 181 school children of a primary school. The intensity was higher among 6 to 8-year-old girls. Pediculosis intensity diminishes significantly between 9 and 11 years of age in both sexes.},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus, prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0037-8682},
	author = {Catal{\'a},Silvia S. and Carrizo,L. and Cordoba,M. and Khairallah,R. and Moschella,F. and Bocca,J. N. and Calvo,A. N. and Torres,J. and Tutino,R.}
}
@article {68,
	title = {An automated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {795 - 799},
	abstract = {An automated feeding apparatus was developed to maintain the human head louse (Pediculus capitis DeGeer) in vitro. With the use of valves and timers, banked human blood and saline from refrigerated reservoirs were pumped into and flushed out of the system every 7 d. During this rotational interval, bloodmeals were provided to head lice continuously and ad libitum through a stretched Nescofilm-silicone sandwich membrane. Compared with our previous in vitro human head louse-rearing apparatus, greater numbers of lice could be fed simultaneously with minimal human monitoring. Development of second to third instars and third instars to adults was significantly faster when lice were reared in vivo than on either of the in vitro rearing systems; there was no significant difference in the duration of the first instar. Although fecundity and hatch rates were significantly higher for female lice reared in vivo, similar trends have been observed for other membrane-fed arthropods. Body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius [L.]) also completed most of their life cycle on this apparatus. Our automated mass-rearing system has broad applications for maintaining fluid-sucking ectoparasites and will facilitate various toxicological, behavioral, and disease-transmission investigations.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Laboratory, Automation, Feeding Behavior, fertility, humans, larva, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Life Cycle Stages, Longevity, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44749.pdf},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Velten,R. K. and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {69,
	title = {An experimental model of human body louse infection with Rickettsia typhi},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {990},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7506858; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {617 - 627},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Murine (endemic) typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi, one of the most widely distributed arthropod-borne diseases, is transmitted to humans mainly by the oriental rat flea. The human body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, has been suspected to have a role in the transmission of R. typhi to humans. To evaluate the potential role of Pediculus humanus corporis as a vector of murine typhus, we used R. typhi in an experimental model of human body louse infection previously used with R. prowazekii. A rabbit was made bacteremic by inoculating it with 2 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of R. typhi; it remained bacteremic for at least 59 hours. Two hundred body lice infected by feeding on the bacteremic rabbit were compared to 200 uninfected control lice. Each louse population was fed once a day on the abdomen of a seronegative rabbit. On day 8 post-infection, as a result of disruption of the gut cells and leakage of the blood meal into the hemolymph, four infected lice became bright red and died within four hours. The life span of infected lice was 20 days less than that of the controls. Infected lice did not transmit R. typhi to their progeny (eggs and larvae) as demonstrated by PCR amplification and cell culture. With an immunofluorescence assay, R. typhi was detected in feces from day 7 post-infection, and the organism remained viable in feces for up to 80 days as demonstrated by cell culture. From the 21st day post-infection, the rabbit used to feed the R. typhi-infected lice developed an immunoglobulin response with a titer of 1:50 increasing to 1:200 at the 42nd day post-infection. It showed no clinical signs of infection. The rabbit that was used to feed uninfected lice remained seronegative. Although body lice are not clearly identified vectors of R. typhi, it seems that under certain circumstances they could transmit R. typhi.},
	keywords = {animals, Disease Models, Animal, Feces/microbiology, humans, Lice/microbiology/pathogenicity/physiology, Rabbit, reproduction, Rickettsia typhi/pathogenicity, typhus},
	isbn = {0077-8923},
	author = {Houhamdi,Linda and Fournier,P. E. and Fang,R. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {70,
	title = {The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 101140040; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (Peptide Elongation Factor 1); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 18S); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {565 - 574},
	address = {France},
	abstract = {In order to investigate human-louse phylogeny, we partially sequenced two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha) and one mitochondrial (COI) genes from 155 Pediculus from different geographical origins. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha sequences showed that human lice were classified into lice from Sub-Saharan Africa and lice from other areas. In both clusters, head and body lice were clearly grouped into two separate clusters. Our results indicate that the earliest divergence within human pediculidae occurred between African lice and other lice, and the divergence between head and body lice was not the result from a single event.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, dna, geography, humans, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics},
	isbn = {1631-0691},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45968.pdf},
	author = {Yong,Z. and Fournier,P. E. and Rydkina,E. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {71,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {628 - 635},
	abstract = {Four geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10\% slower development and approximately 15\% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9\% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20\%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50\%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.},
	keywords = {animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Feeding Behavior, geography, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology, Molting/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44763.pdf},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Yoon,Kyong Sup and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20050127; GENBANK/AY316748; GENBANK/AY316749; GENBANK/AY316750; GENBANK/AY316751; GENBANK/AY316752; GENBANK/AY316753; GENBANK/AY316754; GENBANK/AY316755; GENBANK/AY316756; GENBANK/AY316757; GENBANK/AY316758; GENBANK/AY316759; GENBANK/AY316760; GENBANK/AY316761; GENBANK/AY316762; GENBANK/AY316763; GENBANK/AY316764; GENBANK/AY316765; GENBANK/AY316766; GENBANK/AY316767; GENBANK/AY316768; GENBANK/AY316769; GENBANK/AY316770; GENBANK/AY316771; GENBANK/AY316772; GENBANK/AY316773; GENBANK/AY316774; GENBANK/AY316775; GENBANK/AY316776; GENBANK/AY316777; GENBANK/AY316778; GENBANK/AY316779; GENBANK/AY316780; GENBANK/AY316781; GENBANK/AY316782; GENBANK/AY316783; GENBANK/AY316784; GENBANK/AY316785; GENBANK/AY316786; GENBANK/AY316787; GENBANK/AY316788; GENBANK/AY316789; GENBANK/AY316790; GENBANK/AY316791; GENBANK/AY316792; GENBANK/AY316793; GENBANK/AY316794; GENBANK/AY316795; GENBANK/AY316796; GENBANK/AY316797; GENBANK/AY316798; GENBANK/AY316799; GENBANK/AY316800; GENBANK/AY316801; GENBANK/AY316802; GENBANK/AY316803; GENBANK/AY316804; GENBANK/AY316805; GENBANK/AY316806; GENBANK/AY316807; GENBANK/AY316808; GENBANK/AY316809; GENBANK/AY316810; GENBANK/AY316811; GENBANK/AY316812; GENBANK/AY316813; GENBANK/AY316814; GENBANK/AY316815; GENBANK/AY316816; GENBANK/AY316817; GENBANK/AY316818; GENBANK/AY316819; GENBANK/AY316820; GENBANK/AY316821; GENBANK/AY316822; GENBANK/AY316823; GENBANK/AY316824; GENBANK/AY316825; GENBANK/AY316826; GENBANK/AY316827; GENBANK/AY316828; GENBANK/AY316829; GENBANK/AY316830; GENBANK/AY316831; GENBANK/AY316832; GENBANK/AY316833; GENBANK/AY316834; GENBANK/AY316835; GENBANK/AY316836; GENBANK/AY316837; GENBANK/AY316838; GENBANK/AY316839; GENBANK/AY316840; GENBANK/AY316841; GENBANK/AY316842; GENBANK/AY316843; GENBANK/AY316844; GENBANK/AY316845; GENBANK/AY316846; GENBANK/AY316847; GENBANK/AY316848; GENBANK/AY316849; GENBANK/AY316850; GENBANK/AY316851; GENBANK/AY316852; GENBANK/AY316853; GENBANK/AY316854; GENBANK/AY316855; GENBANK/AY316856; GENBANK/AY316857; GENBANK/AY316858; GENBANK/AY316859; GENBANK/AY316860; GENBANK/AY316861; GENBANK/AY316862; GENBANK/AY316863; GENBANK/AY316864; GENBANK/AY316865; GENBANK/AY316866; GENBANK/AY316867; GENBANK/AY316868; GENBANK/AY316869; GENBANK/AY316870; GENBANK/AY316871; GENBANK/AY316872; GENBANK/AY316873; GENBANK/AY316874; GENBANK/AY316875; GENBANK/AY316876; GENBANK/AY316877; GENBANK/AY316878; GENBANK/AY316879; GENBANK/AY316880; GENBANK/AY316881; GENBANK/AY316882; GENBANK/AY316883; GENBANK/AY316884; GENBANK/AY316885; GENBANK/AY316886; GENBANK/AY316887; GENBANK/AY316888; GENBANK/AY316889; GENBANK/AY316890; GENBANK/AY316891; GENBANK/AY316892; GENBANK/AY316893; GENBANK/AY316894; GENBANK/AY316895; GENBANK/AY316896; GENBANK/AY316897; GENBANK/AY316898; GENBANK/AY316899; GENBANK/AY316900; GENBANK/AY316901; GENBANK/AY316902; GENBANK/AY316903; GENBANK/AY316904; GENBANK/AY316905; GENBANK/AY316906; GENBANK/AY316907; GENBANK/AY316908; GENBANK/AY316909; GENBANK/AY316910; GENBANK/AY316911; GENBANK/AY316912; GENBANK/AY316913; GENBANK/AY316914; GENBANK/AY316915; GENBANK/AY316916; GENBANK/AY316917; GENBANK/AY316918; GENBANK/AY316919; GENBANK/AY316920; GENBANK/AY316921; GENBANK/AY316922; GENBANK/AY316923; GENBANK/AY316924; GENBANK/AY316925; GENBANK/AY316926; GENBANK/AY316927; GENBANK/AY316928; GENBANK/AY316929; JID: 9107782; 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial); EIN: Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):2309; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1414 - 1417},
	abstract = {The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Clothing, dna, Evolution, Molecular, history, humans, Lice Infestations/history/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors},
	isbn = {0960-9822},
	author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii},
	journal = {Parasitology research},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {209 - 211},
	abstract = {Since the pioneering work of Charles Nicolle in 1909 [see Gross (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10539-10540] most medical officers and scientists have assumed that body lice are the sole vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the aetiological agent of louse-borne epidemic typhus (LBET). Here we review the evidence for the axiom that head lice are not involved in epidemics of LBET. Laboratory experiments demonstrate the ability of head lice to transmit R. prowazekii, but evidence for this in the field has not been reported. However, the assumption that head lice do not transmit R. prowazekii has meant that head lice have not been examined for R. prowazekii during epidemics of LBET. The strong association between obvious (high) infestations of body lice and LBET has contributed to this perception, but this association does not preclude head lice as vectors of R. prowazekii. Indeed, where the prevalence and intensity of body louse infections may be high (e.g. during epidemics of LBET), the prevalence and intensity of head louse infestations is generally high as well. This review of the epidemiology of head louse and body louse infestations, and of LBET, indicates that head lice are potential vectors of R. prowazekii in the field. Simple observations in the field would reveal whether or not head lice are natural vectors of this major human pathogen.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Insect vectors, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/physiology, typhus},
	isbn = {0932-0113},
	author = {Robinson,D. and Leo,Natalie P. and Prociv,P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Prevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1\% permethrin and 0.4\% d-phenothrin in Turkey},
	journal = {Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove)},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9705947; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {73 - 75},
	address = {Czech Republic},
	abstract = {Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4\% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1\% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7\% in the 1\% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5\% in the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1\% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Turkey/epidemiology},
	isbn = {1211-4286},
	author = {Tanyuksel,M. and Araz,R. E. and Albay,A. and Aycicek,H.}
}
@article {80,
	title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province},
	journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nac. de Cordoba},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303003; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {43 - 53},
	address = {Argentina},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Approximately 80\% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c{\textquoteright} test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.},
	keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, prevalence, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0014-6722},
	author = {Ramirez,A. and Luduena Almeida,F. F. and Almiron,W. R.}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Real-time PCR duplex assay for Rickettsia prowazekii and Borrelia recurrentis},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {990},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7506858; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {302 - 310},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Rickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent for epidemic typhus, and Borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of relapsing fever, both utilize the same vector, the human body louse (Pediculus humanus), to transmit human disease. We have developed an assay to detect both bacterial pathogens in a single tube utilizing real-time PCR. Assays for both agents are specific. The R. prowazekii and B. recurrentis assays do not detect nucleic acid from R. typhi, R. canada, or any of eight spotted fever rickettsiae. In addition they did not react with Neorickettsia risticii, N. sennetsu, Franciscella persica, Bartonella quintana, Legionella pneumophila, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the B. recurrentis assay did not detect B. duttonii, B. coriaceae, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. hermsii, or B. burgdorferi nucleic acid. Both assays detected repeatedly only R. prowazekii or B. recurrentis either when tested alone or together in one test tube.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, Borrelia, Comparative Study, dna, genes, humans, Lice/microbiology, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rickettsia prowazekii/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0077-8923},
	author = {Jiang,J. and Temenak,J. J. and Richards,A. L.}
}
@article {84,
	title = {Detection of Bartonella quintana from body lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) infesting homeless people in Tokyo by molecular technique},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {427 - 429},
	abstract = {We report detection of Bartonella quintana Brenner, the pathogenic agent of trench fever, from body lice, Pediculus humanus L., infesting homeless people in Tokyo by polymerase chain reaction. Two of 12 (16.7\%) homeless were infested with Bartonella-positive body lice. From the current status of the recent increase of homeless people in many large cities of the developed countries, a medical examination of homeless people should be carefully performed in the consideration of trench fever. Sampling of body lice from clothing of homeless people is recommended for quick and accurate diagnosis of trench fever through the detection of B. quintana DNA.},
	keywords = {animals, Bartonella quintana/genetics/isolation \& purification, dna, homeless, humans, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, trench fever},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44866.pdf},
	author = {Sasaki,Toshinori and Kobayashi,Mutsuo and Agui,Noriaki}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {651 - 657},
	abstract = {The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44841.pdf},
	author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {86,
	title = {A preliminary pilot survey on head lice, pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant extracts},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; 0 (Plant Extracts); ppublish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {725 - 736},
	address = {Egypt},
	abstract = {Twelve different representative areas in Sharkia Governorate were surveyed for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. The pre-valence was investigated among 120 houses containing 2,448 individual, with different age, sex and socioeconomic status. Examination was done by naked eye aided with hand-lens. A total of 137 individuals were infested. Infestation rates were higher in the rural areas with low socioeconomic levels, concrete houses with over-crowded family members. Children had significantly higher infestation rates than adults. Males had lower infestation rates than females. However, the hair length and permanent hair washing were the factors accounted for both age and sex difference in prevalence of pediculosis. Head lice infestations were found all over the year, but increased in summer and spring. One hundred infested patients (90 females and 10 males) with different aged and hair length were treated with tour mixed cream from plants Lawsonia alba L. (Henna). Trigonella faemum-gracanum (Fenugreek), Hibiscus cannabinus (Hibiscus) and Artemisia cina (Wormseed). The head lice completely disappeared within a week among those patients treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100\%) or mixed with helba (75\%) or with karkada (50\%).},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Hibiscus/chemistry, humans, Infant, Lawsonia Plant/chemistry, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Trigonella/chemistry},
	isbn = {0253-5890},
	author = {El-Basheir,Z. M. and Fouad,M. A.}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Isoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Isoenzymes); EC 3.1. (Esterases); EC 5.4.2.2 (Phosphoglucomutase); ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {419 - 425},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali \& Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39\% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.},
	keywords = {animals, electrophoresis, France, humans, Isoenzymes/chemistry, Madagascar, Mali, Pediculus, polymorphism, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Senegal, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	author = {Amevigbe,M. D. and Ferrer,A. and Champorie,S. and Monteny,N. and Deunff,J. and Richard-Lenoble,D.}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis},
	journal = {Australasian Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0135232; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2001 May;42(2):146. PMID: 11400694; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2002 May;43(2):154. PMID: 11982579; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {250 - 254},
	address = {AUSTRALIA},
	abstract = {Viable head lice were found on the scalps of two family members following multiple topical insecticide treatments. The possibility of reinfestation had been reliably excluded. Persistent infestation could be diagnosed only after cutting the hair and combing repeatedly, which allowed visualization of juvenile (nymphal) and adult lice. Insecticide-resistant headlouse infestations are probably much more common than is generally realised and may persist unnoticed, so that more aggressive approaches will be needed to eradicate these ectoparasites from individuals and communities.},
	keywords = {animals, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, humans, Infant, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/therapy, Pediculus, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses},
	isbn = {0004-8380},
	author = {Bailey,Anita M. and Prociv,P.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {291 - 297},
	abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide Resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control},
	author = {Levot,G.}
}
@article {46,
	title = {Increased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to permethrin in Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {342 - 345},
	abstract = {We studied the profile of permethrin resistance in populations of head lice infesting children 6-12 yr old in schools and their homes in and around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fiv},
	keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, humans, Insecticide Resistance, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44640.pdf},
	author = {Gonzalez Audino,P. and Barrios,S. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Method to measure force required to remove Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) eggs from human hair},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {89 - 93},
	abstract = {Head lice are very common and mainly affect children between 3 and 12 yr old. Little is known about the way nits, the eggs of the head louse, are attached to the hair. In this report, an objective measurement procedure for the ease with which nits can be removed is presented. The first peak force, associated with the start of nit movement, and the average and maximal force during the sliding of the nit were measured. The three force variables correlated with the length of the cylinder by which the nit was attached to the hair. A negative correlation was found between the maximum force exerted and the distance of the nit from the scalp. The method described in this report can be used to determine the in vitro efficacy of various products to remove nits.},
	keywords = {animals, Biomechanics, child, Child, Preschool, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44662.pdf},
	author = {Lapeere,Hilde and Brochez,Lieve and Haeghen,Yves Vander and Mabilde,Cyriel and Stichele,Robert Vander and Leybaert,Luc and Naeyaert,Jean-Marie}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Clinical pediatrics},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 0372606; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {523 - 527},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {An estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Drug Costs, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/economics, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0009-9228},
	author = {Hansen,R. C. and O{\textquoteright}Haver,J.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {670 - 674},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {0736-8046},
	author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8607529; 0 (Plant Oils); 64-19-7 (Acetic Acid); 67-63-0 (2-Propanol); 7732-18-5 (Water); 8001-25-0 (olive oil); 8009-03-8 (Petrolatum); 8029-34-3 (Butter); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {393 - 398},
	abstract = {As the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6\% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, animals, Butter, egg, humans, lice, Ovum, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Plant Extracts, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Self Care},
	isbn = {0882-5963},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Pediculosis},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20050623; JID: 7907132; CIN: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Dec;51(6):1037; author reply 1037-8. PMID: 15583618; CIN: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Feb;52(2):374. PMID: 15692498; RF: 101; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1 - 12; quiz 13-4},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The 3 major lice that infest humans are Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pthirus pubis (crab louse), and Pediculus humanus humanus (body louse). Patients with louse infestation present with scalp pruritus, excoriations, cervical lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis. A hypersensitivity rash, or pediculid, may mimic a viral exanthem. Head lice infestation crosses all economic and social boundaries, whereas body lice infestation preferentially affects the homeless and displaced. Body lice are major vectors of diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Pubic lice infestation often is acquired as a sexually transmitted disease and may be a marker to screen for other sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of louse infestation can be challenging. Mechanical measures, such as combing, are helpful as adjunctive measures, but most studies suggest they are not as effective as chemical agents. Resistance to chemical agents is a growing problem. Major types of resistance include knock-down resistance, glutathione-S-transferase-based resistance, and monooxygenase-based resistance. Research is needed to identify new effective treatments.},
	keywords = {animals, Diagnosis, Differential, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/parasitology/therapy, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0190-9622},
	author = {Ko,C. J. and Elston,D. M.}
}
