@article {258,
	title = {Pediculus humanus humanus (Linne 1758) resistance to D. D. T. in various localities of the Ecuadorian Andes},
	journal = {Revista Ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1968},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9427215; 0 (Insecticides); 50-29-3 (DDT); ppublish},
	month = {1968},
	pages = {141 - 143},
	address = {ECUADOR},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, Ecuador, humans, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, pharmacology, South America},
	isbn = {0013-0745},
	author = {Arzube,M. E.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Differentiation of sensitivity of Pediculus humanus humanus L. to chloroganic insecticides, in relation to physiological and environmental conditions. I. Influence of p,p DDT and gamma hexachlorocyclohexane on sensitivity in Pediculus humanus in relation },
	journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1966},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0414756; 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish},
	month = {1966},
	pages = {221 - 8 contd},
	address = {POLAND},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, Fumigation, lice, lindane, pharmacology},
	isbn = {0035-7715},
	author = {Styczynska,Bogumila}
}
@article {262,
	title = {Differentiation of sensitivity of Pediculus humanus humanus L. to the organochlorine insecticides in relation to physiological and environmental conditions. III. Effects of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity) and density of population on the },
	journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1966},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0414756; 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish},
	month = {1966},
	pages = {569 - 574},
	address = {POLAND},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug, humidity, lice, lindane, pharmacology, temperature},
	isbn = {0035-7715},
	author = {Styczynska,Bogumila}
}
@article {263,
	title = {Differentiation of the sensitivity of Pediculus humanus humanus L. to organic chlorine insecticides with special regard to physiological and environmental conditions. II. Influence of physiological conditions (age, satiety) on the sensitivity of the cause},
	journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1966},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0414756; 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish},
	month = {1966},
	pages = {337 - 44 contd},
	address = {POLAND},
	keywords = {animals, DDT, drug effects, humans, lice, lindane, pharmacology},
	isbn = {0035-7715},
	author = {Styczynska,Bogumila}
}
@article {269,
	title = {New method for the destruction of Pediculus humanus. Study on the ingestion of phenylbutazone in humans and rabbits},
	journal = {ud Publica de Mexico},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1965},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0404371; 50-33-9 (Phenylbutazone); ppublish},
	month = {1965},
	pages = {183 - 187},
	address = {MEXICO},
	keywords = {animals, drug, humans, lice, Rabbit},
	isbn = {0036-3634},
	author = {Varela,Gerardo and Bravo-Becherelle,M. A. and Velasco,R.}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	abstract = {Ectoparasite records are presented for four species of commensal murid rodents (Rattus rattus palelae Miller \& Hollister, R.argentiventer (Robinson \& Kloss), R.exulans (Peale) and Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse) in Sulawesi Utara, with particular reference to the potential for these arthropods to bite and transmit pathogens to humans. The flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), was most common on R.r.palelae and is capable of transmitting plague and other pathogens to humans although no current foci for these diseases are known in Sulawesi. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing and Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister) sucking lice parasitized all three Rattus species although H.pacifica was mainly associated with R.exulans and P.spinulosa with R.r.palelae. These lice do not bite humans but may be intramurid vectors of murine typhus and other zoonoses. The mites Laelaps echidnina Berlese and L.nuttalli Hirst were both collected; the latter was recorded from all four murid species, mainly R.exulans. The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst was rare. Only one chigger mite, Walchiella oudemansi (Walch), was retrieved from murids (from R.exulans) and a single Leptotrombidium deliense (Walch) chigger was taken from a human subject. Although L.deliense is a significant vector of scrub typhus, a disease known from Sulawesi, the L.deliense-R.argentiventer relationship frequently noted in the ecology of this rickettsial disease, was not evident in this survey. Other ectoparasites collected from murids were the ticks, Ixodes granulatus Supino (first record for Sulawesi), Haemaphysalis sp. and Dermacentor sp., the mites Myocoptes musculinus (Koch) and Listrophoroids cucullatus (Trouessart), acarids and a uropodid. Additional ectoparasites noted on humans were the tick Amblyoma babirussae (Schulze), the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei L. and the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer.},
	keywords = {disease, ectoparasite, fleas, Indonesia, lice, mice, mites, muridae, rat, scabies, sulawesi, ticks, Transmission, vector},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/2627.pdf},
	author = {Durden,Lance A. and Page,B. F.}
}
@article {138,
	title = {The efficacy of pediculicides in Israel},
	journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {562 - 565},
	abstract = {Fourteen pediculicides currently available in Israel were evaluated for their killing effect on the eggs, nymphs and adults from a laboratory-grown colony of body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus). The efficacy of all pediculicides was determined after a single treatment. The exposure time of the lice to the preparations was according to the manufacturers{\textquoteright} instructions. The shampoo formulations HAFIF(R) (Abic, Israel), PYRACIDE(R) (Fischer, Israel), A-200 PYRINATE(R) (Norcliff Thayer, USA) and T-PAL(R) (Fischer, Israel) killed 27-78\% of the lice and 7-26\% of the eggs. PRIODERM(R) (Rafa, Israel) shampoo caused 100\% mortality of lice and 13\% mortality of eggs. The gel formulation (A-200 Pyrinate) resulted in 100\% mortality of lice and 42\% mortality of eggs. The liquid formulation (PYRINYL(R), Barre, USA) gave poor results with only 65\% killing of lice and 26\% of the eggs. The spray formulations (KIN-X(R) and KIN-SOFF(R), Milchan, France; and RICIDE(R), Fischer) killed all the lice and 77-95\% of the eggs. Lotion and solution formulations (Hafif; MONOCIDE(R), Fischer; and NOURYL(R), Chefaro, Holland) caused 100\% mortality of lice and 36-85\% mortality of eggs. Mortality with control solutions varied between 4 and 16\% for both lice and eggs.},
	keywords = {body, lice, Pediculus humanus humanus},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline}
}
@article {142,
	title = {Susceptibility of the human head and body louse, Pediculus humanus (Anoplura, Pediculidae) to insecticides},
	journal = {Insect Science and Its Application},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {223 - 226},
	abstract = {The susceptibility of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis collected from children in Isreal and that of a laboratory colony of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus to the insecticides malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, fenitrothion and dieldrin has been evaluated using standard WHO papers. The LT50 and LT95 were established using different exposure times. Deltamethrin had the highest "knock-down" effect, followed by permethrin and malathion. All insecticides except dieldrin gave higher mortality for body lice than for head lice. No differences in the susceptibility between adult and nymph lice could be observed.},
	keywords = {base line, human, insecticide, lice, pdf, Pediculus humanus, susceptibility},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38303.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Use of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anaplura : Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {170 - 171},
	abstract = {Head lice are caused by the host-specific, ectoparasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and remain a common human infestation. As a response to increasing; resistance of head lice to present insecticidal agents, additional agents must be pursued. Inasmuch as nicotine has been used for controlling poultry lice, an in vitro study assessing its possible usage for human head lice was performed. Nicotine proved not to be an efficient insecticide, although it may facilitate removal of adult lice because it induces muscle twitches that may affect the insect{\textquoteright}s normal grip on hair follicles.},
	keywords = {capitis, clinical, control, head, humanus, lice, nicotine, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/37882.pdf},
	author = {Burkhart,Craig G. and Burkhart,Craig N.}
}
@article {99,
	title = {The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {888 - 911},
	abstract = {The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.},
	keywords = {animals, classification, humans, Insect vectors, insecticide, lice, microbiology, phylogeny, physiology, Relapsing Fever, trench fever, typhus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/45048.pdf},
	author = {Raoult,Didier and Roux,Veronique}
}
@article {118,
	title = {Interest and limits of tests to evaluate pediculicides efficacy},
	journal = {Bulletin de L Academie Nationale de Medecine},
	volume = {180},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {1315 - 1324},
	abstract = {The obligation to prove pediculicides efficacy is relatively recent.  Two tests are required by the autorities to obtain registration, In  vitro test (with Pediculus humanus humanus) is the first step to  evaluate the efficacy of new molecules. It must be followed by  bio-clinical tests (with infested children by Pediculus humanus  capitis). For those tests the autors advise to respect the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}three  units rule{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} : unit of time (no more than 2 days for the test), unit of  place (same environment) and unit of action (only one team to apply and  evaluate products). This type of tests is possible only in countries  with high infestation (at least 60 \% of prevalence). A third test is  consequently advised, the ex vivo test using Pediculus humanus capitis  obtained from infested children in France. This test can be useful also  to re-evaluate current products in the light of increased resistance or  decreased sensitivity of the lice. Finally some other tests can be  advised to prove some other activities like remanence or repellent  properties or to estimate lice resistance.},
	keywords = {drug, drugs, insecticide, lice, pediculosis, resistance},
	author = {Combescot,Charles and Combescot-Lang,Catherine and Nadon,Jacques de and Remy-Kristensen,Arlette and Richard-Lenoble,Dominique}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Model for the control of Pediculus humanus capitis},
	journal = {Public Health},
	volume = {110},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {283 - 288},
	abstract = {This study outlines a strategy for the control of head lice infestation in school children; supported by up to date epidemiological data collected over an 8 year period illustrating the benefits of such a strategy.},
	keywords = {capitis, children, head, humanus, infestation, lice, notification, Pediculus, school, treatment},
	author = {Vermaak,Z.}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Bartonella quintana and urban trench fever},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {131 - 135},
	abstract = {Contemporary Bartonella quintana infections have emerged in diverse regions of the world, predominantly involving socially disadvantaged persons. Available data suggest that the human body louse Pediculus humanus is the vector for transmission of B. quintana. Descriptions of the clinical manifestations associated with contemporary B. quintana infections have varied considerably and include asymptomatic infection, a relapsing febrile illness, headache, leg pain, "culture-negative{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} endocarditis, and, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons, bacillary angiomatosis, Laboratory diagnosis is most convincing when B. quintana is isolated in blood culture, but growth often takes 20-40 days; problems exist with both sensitivity and specificity of serological assays. On the basis of available information, use of doxycycline, crythromycin, or azithromycin to treat B. quintana infections is recommended. Treatment of uncomplicated B. quintana bacteremia for 4-6 weeks and treatment of B. quintana endocarditis (in a person who does not undergo valve surgery) for 4-6 months are recommended, with the addition of a bactericidal agent (such as a third- generation cephalosporin or an aminoglycoside) during the initial 2-3 weeks of therapy for endocarditis.},
	keywords = {angiomatosis, bacillary, body, culture, diagnosis, infections, lice, patient, rochalimaea quintana, susceptibility},
	author = {Ohl,M. E. and Spach,D. H.}
}
@article {49,
	title = {Mosaic nature of the Wolbachia surface protein},
	journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
	volume = {187},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {5406 - 5418},
	abstract = {Lateral gene transfer and recombination play important roles in the evolution of many parasitic bacteria. Here we investigate intragenic recombination in Wolbachia bacteria, considered among the most abundantintracellular bacteria on earth. We conduct a detailed analysis of the patterns of variation and recombination within the Wolbachia surface protein, utilizing an extensive set of published and new sequences from five main supergroups of Wolbachia. Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence variations confirms four hypervariable regions (HVRs), separated by regions under strong conservation. Comparison of shared polymorphisms reveals a complex mosaic structure of the gene, characterized by a clear intragenic recombining of segments among several distinct strains, whose major recombination effect is shuffling of a relatively conserved set of amino acid motifs within each of the four HVRs. Exchanges occurred both within and between the arthropod supergroups. Analyses based on phylogenetic methods and a specific recombination detection program (MAXCHI) significantly support this complex partitioning of the gene, indicating a chimeric origin of wsp. Although wsp has been widely used to define macro- and microtaxonomy among Wolbachia strains, these results clearly show that it is not suitable for this purpose. The role of wsp in bacterium-host interactions is currently unknown, but results presented here indicate that exchanges of HVR motifs are favored by natural selection. Identifying host proteins that interact with wsp variants should help reveal how these widespread bacterial parasites affect and evolve in response to the cellular environments of their invertebrate hosts.},
	keywords = {lice, Pediculus humanus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47114.pdf},
	author = {Baldo,Laura and Lo,Nathan and Werren,John H.}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8607529; 0 (Plant Oils); 64-19-7 (Acetic Acid); 67-63-0 (2-Propanol); 7732-18-5 (Water); 8001-25-0 (olive oil); 8009-03-8 (Petrolatum); 8029-34-3 (Butter); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {393 - 398},
	abstract = {As the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6\% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, animals, Butter, egg, humans, lice, Ovum, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Plant Extracts, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Self Care},
	isbn = {0882-5963},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
