@article {68,
	title = {An automated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {795 - 799},
	abstract = {An automated feeding apparatus was developed to maintain the human head louse (Pediculus capitis DeGeer) in vitro. With the use of valves and timers, banked human blood and saline from refrigerated reservoirs were pumped into and flushed out of the system every 7 d. During this rotational interval, bloodmeals were provided to head lice continuously and ad libitum through a stretched Nescofilm-silicone sandwich membrane. Compared with our previous in vitro human head louse-rearing apparatus, greater numbers of lice could be fed simultaneously with minimal human monitoring. Development of second to third instars and third instars to adults was significantly faster when lice were reared in vivo than on either of the in vitro rearing systems; there was no significant difference in the duration of the first instar. Although fecundity and hatch rates were significantly higher for female lice reared in vivo, similar trends have been observed for other membrane-fed arthropods. Body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius [L.]) also completed most of their life cycle on this apparatus. Our automated mass-rearing system has broad applications for maintaining fluid-sucking ectoparasites and will facilitate various toxicological, behavioral, and disease-transmission investigations.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Laboratory, Automation, Feeding Behavior, fertility, humans, larva, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Life Cycle Stages, Longevity, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44749.pdf},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Velten,R. K. and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {69,
	title = {An experimental model of human body louse infection with Rickettsia typhi},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {990},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7506858; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {617 - 627},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Murine (endemic) typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi, one of the most widely distributed arthropod-borne diseases, is transmitted to humans mainly by the oriental rat flea. The human body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, has been suspected to have a role in the transmission of R. typhi to humans. To evaluate the potential role of Pediculus humanus corporis as a vector of murine typhus, we used R. typhi in an experimental model of human body louse infection previously used with R. prowazekii. A rabbit was made bacteremic by inoculating it with 2 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of R. typhi; it remained bacteremic for at least 59 hours. Two hundred body lice infected by feeding on the bacteremic rabbit were compared to 200 uninfected control lice. Each louse population was fed once a day on the abdomen of a seronegative rabbit. On day 8 post-infection, as a result of disruption of the gut cells and leakage of the blood meal into the hemolymph, four infected lice became bright red and died within four hours. The life span of infected lice was 20 days less than that of the controls. Infected lice did not transmit R. typhi to their progeny (eggs and larvae) as demonstrated by PCR amplification and cell culture. With an immunofluorescence assay, R. typhi was detected in feces from day 7 post-infection, and the organism remained viable in feces for up to 80 days as demonstrated by cell culture. From the 21st day post-infection, the rabbit used to feed the R. typhi-infected lice developed an immunoglobulin response with a titer of 1:50 increasing to 1:200 at the 42nd day post-infection. It showed no clinical signs of infection. The rabbit that was used to feed uninfected lice remained seronegative. Although body lice are not clearly identified vectors of R. typhi, it seems that under certain circumstances they could transmit R. typhi.},
	keywords = {animals, Disease Models, Animal, Feces/microbiology, humans, Lice/microbiology/pathogenicity/physiology, Rabbit, reproduction, Rickettsia typhi/pathogenicity, typhus},
	isbn = {0077-8923},
	author = {Houhamdi,Linda and Fournier,P. E. and Fang,R. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {70,
	title = {The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 101140040; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (Peptide Elongation Factor 1); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 18S); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {565 - 574},
	address = {France},
	abstract = {In order to investigate human-louse phylogeny, we partially sequenced two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha) and one mitochondrial (COI) genes from 155 Pediculus from different geographical origins. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha sequences showed that human lice were classified into lice from Sub-Saharan Africa and lice from other areas. In both clusters, head and body lice were clearly grouped into two separate clusters. Our results indicate that the earliest divergence within human pediculidae occurred between African lice and other lice, and the divergence between head and body lice was not the result from a single event.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, dna, geography, humans, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics},
	isbn = {1631-0691},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45968.pdf},
	author = {Yong,Z. and Fournier,P. E. and Rydkina,E. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {71,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {628 - 635},
	abstract = {Four geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10\% slower development and approximately 15\% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9\% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20\%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50\%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.},
	keywords = {animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Feeding Behavior, geography, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology, Molting/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44763.pdf},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Yoon,Kyong Sup and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {72,
	title = {Louse infestation of the Chiribaya culture, southern Peru: variation in prevalence by age and sex.},
	journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {173 - 179},
	abstract = {In order to improve the interpretive potential of archaeoparasitology, it is important to demonstrate that the epidemiology of ancient parasites is comparable to that of modern parasites. Once this is demonstrated, then we can be secure that the evidence of ancient parasitism truly reflects the pathoecology of parasitic disease. Presented here is an analysis of the paleoepidemiology of Pediculus humanus infestation from 146 mummies from the Chiribaya culture 1000-1250 AD of Southern Peru. The study demonstrates the modern parasitological axiom that 10\% of the population harbors 70\% of the parasites holds true for ancient louse infestation. This is the first demonstration of the paleoepidemiology of prehistoric lice infestation.},
	keywords = {archaeoparasitology, humanus, paleoepidemiology, pathoecology, Pediculus, Peru},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/43760.pdf},
	author = {Reinhard,Karl J. and Buikstra,Jane}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20050127; GENBANK/AY316748; GENBANK/AY316749; GENBANK/AY316750; GENBANK/AY316751; GENBANK/AY316752; GENBANK/AY316753; GENBANK/AY316754; GENBANK/AY316755; GENBANK/AY316756; GENBANK/AY316757; GENBANK/AY316758; GENBANK/AY316759; GENBANK/AY316760; GENBANK/AY316761; GENBANK/AY316762; GENBANK/AY316763; GENBANK/AY316764; GENBANK/AY316765; GENBANK/AY316766; GENBANK/AY316767; GENBANK/AY316768; GENBANK/AY316769; GENBANK/AY316770; GENBANK/AY316771; GENBANK/AY316772; GENBANK/AY316773; GENBANK/AY316774; GENBANK/AY316775; GENBANK/AY316776; GENBANK/AY316777; GENBANK/AY316778; GENBANK/AY316779; GENBANK/AY316780; GENBANK/AY316781; GENBANK/AY316782; GENBANK/AY316783; GENBANK/AY316784; GENBANK/AY316785; GENBANK/AY316786; GENBANK/AY316787; GENBANK/AY316788; GENBANK/AY316789; GENBANK/AY316790; GENBANK/AY316791; GENBANK/AY316792; GENBANK/AY316793; GENBANK/AY316794; GENBANK/AY316795; GENBANK/AY316796; GENBANK/AY316797; GENBANK/AY316798; GENBANK/AY316799; GENBANK/AY316800; GENBANK/AY316801; GENBANK/AY316802; GENBANK/AY316803; GENBANK/AY316804; GENBANK/AY316805; GENBANK/AY316806; GENBANK/AY316807; GENBANK/AY316808; GENBANK/AY316809; GENBANK/AY316810; GENBANK/AY316811; GENBANK/AY316812; GENBANK/AY316813; GENBANK/AY316814; GENBANK/AY316815; GENBANK/AY316816; GENBANK/AY316817; GENBANK/AY316818; GENBANK/AY316819; GENBANK/AY316820; GENBANK/AY316821; GENBANK/AY316822; GENBANK/AY316823; GENBANK/AY316824; GENBANK/AY316825; GENBANK/AY316826; GENBANK/AY316827; GENBANK/AY316828; GENBANK/AY316829; GENBANK/AY316830; GENBANK/AY316831; GENBANK/AY316832; GENBANK/AY316833; GENBANK/AY316834; GENBANK/AY316835; GENBANK/AY316836; GENBANK/AY316837; GENBANK/AY316838; GENBANK/AY316839; GENBANK/AY316840; GENBANK/AY316841; GENBANK/AY316842; GENBANK/AY316843; GENBANK/AY316844; GENBANK/AY316845; GENBANK/AY316846; GENBANK/AY316847; GENBANK/AY316848; GENBANK/AY316849; GENBANK/AY316850; GENBANK/AY316851; GENBANK/AY316852; GENBANK/AY316853; GENBANK/AY316854; GENBANK/AY316855; GENBANK/AY316856; GENBANK/AY316857; GENBANK/AY316858; GENBANK/AY316859; GENBANK/AY316860; GENBANK/AY316861; GENBANK/AY316862; GENBANK/AY316863; GENBANK/AY316864; GENBANK/AY316865; GENBANK/AY316866; GENBANK/AY316867; GENBANK/AY316868; GENBANK/AY316869; GENBANK/AY316870; GENBANK/AY316871; GENBANK/AY316872; GENBANK/AY316873; GENBANK/AY316874; GENBANK/AY316875; GENBANK/AY316876; GENBANK/AY316877; GENBANK/AY316878; GENBANK/AY316879; GENBANK/AY316880; GENBANK/AY316881; GENBANK/AY316882; GENBANK/AY316883; GENBANK/AY316884; GENBANK/AY316885; GENBANK/AY316886; GENBANK/AY316887; GENBANK/AY316888; GENBANK/AY316889; GENBANK/AY316890; GENBANK/AY316891; GENBANK/AY316892; GENBANK/AY316893; GENBANK/AY316894; GENBANK/AY316895; GENBANK/AY316896; GENBANK/AY316897; GENBANK/AY316898; GENBANK/AY316899; GENBANK/AY316900; GENBANK/AY316901; GENBANK/AY316902; GENBANK/AY316903; GENBANK/AY316904; GENBANK/AY316905; GENBANK/AY316906; GENBANK/AY316907; GENBANK/AY316908; GENBANK/AY316909; GENBANK/AY316910; GENBANK/AY316911; GENBANK/AY316912; GENBANK/AY316913; GENBANK/AY316914; GENBANK/AY316915; GENBANK/AY316916; GENBANK/AY316917; GENBANK/AY316918; GENBANK/AY316919; GENBANK/AY316920; GENBANK/AY316921; GENBANK/AY316922; GENBANK/AY316923; GENBANK/AY316924; GENBANK/AY316925; GENBANK/AY316926; GENBANK/AY316927; GENBANK/AY316928; GENBANK/AY316929; JID: 9107782; 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial); EIN: Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):2309; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1414 - 1417},
	abstract = {The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Clothing, dna, Evolution, Molecular, history, humans, Lice Infestations/history/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors},
	isbn = {0960-9822},
	author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.}
}
@article {76,
	title = {Pediculosis in Brazil},
	journal = {Entomologia y Vectores},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {579 - 586},
	abstract = {Pediculosis is an illness that have had been known since the remotest times until the days of today, being considered a Public Health serious problem in all Americas. Lice are blood-sucking insects and specific parasites of human beings: Pediculus humanus capitis, head lice; Pediculus humanus corporis, body lice and Phthirus pubis,pubic lice. The article is going to show aspects tied to louse, suches: biology, distribution, clinical manifestation and diagnosis. Beyond, of some controls that have been used in Brazil, like: chemical, homemade and educational control.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47001.pdf},
	author = {Barbosa,J{\'u}lio Vianna and Pinto,Zeneida Teixeira}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii},
	journal = {Parasitology research},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {209 - 211},
	abstract = {Since the pioneering work of Charles Nicolle in 1909 [see Gross (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10539-10540] most medical officers and scientists have assumed that body lice are the sole vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the aetiological agent of louse-borne epidemic typhus (LBET). Here we review the evidence for the axiom that head lice are not involved in epidemics of LBET. Laboratory experiments demonstrate the ability of head lice to transmit R. prowazekii, but evidence for this in the field has not been reported. However, the assumption that head lice do not transmit R. prowazekii has meant that head lice have not been examined for R. prowazekii during epidemics of LBET. The strong association between obvious (high) infestations of body lice and LBET has contributed to this perception, but this association does not preclude head lice as vectors of R. prowazekii. Indeed, where the prevalence and intensity of body louse infections may be high (e.g. during epidemics of LBET), the prevalence and intensity of head louse infestations is generally high as well. This review of the epidemiology of head louse and body louse infestations, and of LBET, indicates that head lice are potential vectors of R. prowazekii in the field. Simple observations in the field would reveal whether or not head lice are natural vectors of this major human pathogen.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Insect vectors, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/physiology, typhus},
	isbn = {0932-0113},
	author = {Robinson,D. and Leo,Natalie P. and Prociv,P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Prevalence and levels of Permethrin resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {447 - 450},
	abstract = {Permethrin has been used extensively for control of Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer(Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina since 1990, resulting in the development of resistance to this and other pyrethroids. This resistance was {\TH}rst detected in some {\TH}eld populations in 1997. A survey for resistance in Buenos Aires in 2001 revealed signifcant resistance levels in lice on children at 24 of 26 (92.3\%) schools. When compared with a previously unexposed reference population, resistance ratios (RRs) obtained by exposing the insects to {\TH}lter papers impregnated with permethrin ranged from 2 to 60 in 10 (39\%) of the schools. RRs in the remaining 14 (61\%) populations were too great to not be measured with the {\TH}lter paper method (RR   88.7). As an alternative, we used topical applications of 0.1  l of acetone solution of permethrin on the dorsal abdomen of adults and third instars. This topical method, which has not been previously reported for head lice, was capable of quantifying higher levels of resistance. Highly resistant populations had RRs from 162.5 to 655.2. When applied to populations with low and intermediate levels of resistance, results from the {\TH}lter paper and topical application methods were highly correlated, and RRs from topical application were higher than those from the {\TH}lter paper method. Results from the combination of the two methods indicated that head lice among Buenos Aries school children are highly resistant to permethrin, and the resistance is widespread.
},
	keywords = {Argentina, capitis, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin},
	author = {Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino,Paola and Alzogaray,R. A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Prevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1\% permethrin and 0.4\% d-phenothrin in Turkey},
	journal = {Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove)},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9705947; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {73 - 75},
	address = {Czech Republic},
	abstract = {Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4\% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1\% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7\% in the 1\% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5\% in the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1\% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4\% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Turkey/epidemiology},
	isbn = {1211-4286},
	author = {Tanyuksel,M. and Araz,R. E. and Albay,A. and Aycicek,H.}
}
@article {80,
	title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province},
	journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nac. de Cordoba},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303003; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {43 - 53},
	address = {Argentina},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Approximately 80\% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c{\textquoteright} test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.},
	keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, prevalence, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0014-6722},
	author = {Ramirez,A. and Luduena Almeida,F. F. and Almiron,W. R.}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Real-time PCR duplex assay for Rickettsia prowazekii and Borrelia recurrentis},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {990},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7506858; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {302 - 310},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Rickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent for epidemic typhus, and Borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of relapsing fever, both utilize the same vector, the human body louse (Pediculus humanus), to transmit human disease. We have developed an assay to detect both bacterial pathogens in a single tube utilizing real-time PCR. Assays for both agents are specific. The R. prowazekii and B. recurrentis assays do not detect nucleic acid from R. typhi, R. canada, or any of eight spotted fever rickettsiae. In addition they did not react with Neorickettsia risticii, N. sennetsu, Franciscella persica, Bartonella quintana, Legionella pneumophila, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the B. recurrentis assay did not detect B. duttonii, B. coriaceae, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. hermsii, or B. burgdorferi nucleic acid. Both assays detected repeatedly only R. prowazekii or B. recurrentis either when tested alone or together in one test tube.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, Borrelia, Comparative Study, dna, genes, humans, Lice/microbiology, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rickettsia prowazekii/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0077-8923},
	author = {Jiang,J. and Temenak,J. J. and Richards,A. L.}
}
@article {82,
	title = {Susceptibility of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pediculicides in Australia},
	journal = {Parasitology Research},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {476 - 478},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/6651.pdf},
	author = {Hunter,J. A. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {83,
	title = {Transcriptome identification of putative genes involved in protein catabolism and innate immune response in human body louse (Pediculicidae: Pediculus humanus)},
	journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1135 - 1143},
	abstract = {Genomics information relating to human body lice is surprisingly scarce, and this has constrained studies of their physiology, immunology and vector biology. To identify novel body louse genes, we used engorged adult lice to generate a cDNA library. Initially, 1152 clones were screened for inserts, edited for removal of vector sequences and base pairs of poor quality, and viewed for splicing variations, gene families and polymorphism. Computational methods identified 506 inferred open reading frames including the first predicted louse defensin. The inferred defensin aligns well with other insect defensins and has highly conserved cysteine residues, as are known for other defensin sequences. Two cysteine and five serine proteinases were categorized according to their inferred catalytic sites. We also discovered seven putative ubiquitin-pathway genes and four iron metabolizing deduced enzymes. Finally, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome P450 genes were among the detoxification enzymes found. Results from this first systematic effort to discover human body louse genes should promote further studies in Phthiraptera and lice.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47197.pdf},
	author = {Pedra,Joao H. F. and Brandt,Amanda and Li,Hong-Mei and Westerman,Rick and Romero-Severson,Jeanne and Pollack,Richard J. and Murdock,Larry L. and Pittendrigh,Barry R.}
}
