@article {66,
	title = {Pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of eastern Poland},
	journal = {European journal of epidemiology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8508062; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {491 - 495},
	address = {Netherlands},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of head pediculosis in the rural and urban environments of Lublin Province (eastern Poland) in 1996-2000 and to examine socioeconomic factors influencing distribution among schoolchildren. A total of 95,153 schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas were examined twice yearly by school nurses. The overall rate of head pediculosis differs significantly between rural (1.59\%) and urban (0.48\%) schools in eastern Poland. Children between 8 and 12 years old were most frequently infested. Pediculosis was observed most frequently in girls both in the urban (63.5\%) and rural (75.3\%) schools and this was related with hairstyles. The prevalence of pediculosis decreased with increasing life standards, i.e. with high income, accessibility and consumption of water and better health care systems. Our findings showed that prevalence of pediculosis capitis depends on the age and sex of the schoolchildren and their living conditions. Hygienic controls of schoolchildren by nurses are important in the elimination of Pediculus humanus capitis. Our results confirmed pediculosis capitis is still a problem in different environments, particularly with lower life standards and poorer economic conditions of health care.},
	keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Poland, prevalence, risk factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/classification/statistics \& numerical data, urban},
	isbn = {0393-2990},
	author = {Buczek,A. and Markowska-Gosik,D. and Widomska,D. and Kawa,I. M.}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Prevalence and parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis in six to eleven-year-old schoolchildren},
	journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 7507456; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {499 - 501},
	address = {Brazil},
	abstract = {The aim of this work was to determine head lice parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis and its variation, according to both gender and age in 181 school children of a primary school. The intensity was higher among 6 to 8-year-old girls. Pediculosis intensity diminishes significantly between 9 and 11 years of age in both sexes.},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus, prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0037-8682},
	author = {Catal{\'a},Silvia S. and Carrizo,L. and Cordoba,M. and Khairallah,R. and Moschella,F. and Bocca,J. N. and Calvo,A. N. and Torres,J. and Tutino,R.}
}
@article {55,
	title = {Body louse remains found in textiles excavated at Masada, Israel},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {585 - 587},
	abstract = {A leg of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), was found in a storeroom at Masada build during the reign of King Herod the Great. The unearthed culture material clearly indicates that the room was occupied by the rebels during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans (AD 66-73/4). The context of the textiles associated with the louse and their nature suggest a rebel origin. An exuvium of a leg of the third nymphal stage of body louse was found. The first three parts of the leg (tarsus, including the tarsal claw, tibia and femur) were preserved entirely, while the fourth segment of the leg, the trochanter, was only partially conserved. The comparison of the tarsus of this specimen with the legs of present day third instar nymphs of body and head lice revealed that the leg found within the archaeological debris belongs to a body louse.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/43792.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Zias,Joseph E. and Tarshis,M. and Lavi,M. and Stiebel,G. D.}
}
@article {56,
	title = {Cloning and characterization of a trypsin-encoding cDNA of the human body louse Pediculus humanus},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9303579; 0 (DNA Primers); EC 3.4.21.4 (Trypsin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {9 - 18},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {From a cDNA library of the whole insect, a trypsin gene of Pediculus humanus has been cloned and sequenced. The 908 bp clone has an open reading frame of 759 bp, which encodes a pre-proenzyme with 253 amino acid residues. A sixteen-residue N-terminal signal peptide is followed by a twelve-residue activation peptide with putative cleavage sites at Gly16 and Tyr28. The deduced amino acid sequence has several features typical of trypsin proteases and an overall identity of 35-43\% with the trypsins of several haematophagous Diptera. The 1.0 kb genomic trypsin gene contains three introns of 102, 79 and 80 nucleotides following the codons for Gly16, Gln74 and Ala155, respectively. Only a single gene seems to be present. In Northern blot analysis, unfed first instar larvae have an identical or slightly lower level of trypsin mRNA than fed adult lice, and in adults 2-24 h after the bloodmeal this gene shows a constitutive expression. After in vitro transcription and translation, the activation peptide is cleaved by chymotrypsin, a so far unreported phenomenon in trypsin activation.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Base Sequence, Blotting, Northern, Comparative Study, dna, electrophoresis, genes, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, Transition Temperature, Trypsin/genetics},
	isbn = {0962-1075},
	author = {Kollien,A. H. and Waniek,P. J. and Pr{\"o}ls,F. and Habedank,Birgit and Schaub,G. A.}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Continuing Medical Education: Pediculosis},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1 - 12},
	abstract = {The 3 major lice that infest humans are Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pthirus pubis (crab louse), and Pediculus humanus humanus (body louse). Patients with louse infestation present with scalp pruritus, excoriations, cervical lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis. A hypersensitivity rash, or pediculid, may mimic a viral exanthem. Head lice infestation crosses all economic and social boundaries, whereas body lice infestation preferentially affects the homeless and displaced. Body lice are major vectors of diseases suchas typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Pubic lice infestation often is acquired as a sexually transmitted disease and may be a marker to screen for other sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of louse infestation can be challenging. Mechanical measures, such as combing, are helpful as adjunctive measures, but most studies suggest they are not as effective as chemical agents. Resistance to chemical agents is a growing problem. Major types of resistance include knock-down resistance, glutathione-S-transferase{\textendash}based resistance, and monooxygenase-based resistance. Research is needed to identify new effective treatments.
},
	author = {Ko,Christine J. and Elston,Dirk M.}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Clinical pediatrics},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 0372606; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {523 - 527},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {An estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Drug Costs, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/economics, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0009-9228},
	author = {Hansen,R. C. and O{\textquoteright}Haver,J.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {670 - 674},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {0736-8046},
	author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.}
}
@article {60,
	title = {Evaluation of the potential insecticide activity of Tagetes minuta (Aseraceae) essential oils against the head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Neotropical entomology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {805 - 807},
	keywords = {capitis, control, pediculosis},
	author = {Cestari,I. M. and Sarti,S. J. and Waib,C. M. and Braco,A. C.,Jr.}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {JID: 8607529; 0 (Plant Oils); 64-19-7 (Acetic Acid); 67-63-0 (2-Propanol); 7732-18-5 (Water); 8001-25-0 (olive oil); 8009-03-8 (Petrolatum); 8029-34-3 (Butter); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {393 - 398},
	abstract = {As the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6\% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.},
	keywords = {Acetic Acid, animals, Butter, egg, humans, lice, Ovum, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Plant Extracts, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Self Care},
	isbn = {0882-5963},
	author = {Takano-Lee,Miwa and Edman,John D. and Mullens,B. A. and Clark,J. Marshall}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {699 - 704},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm2. At 0.125 mg/cm2, pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm2, eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Fumigation/methods, insecticide, Oils, Volatile/toxicity, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Species Specificity},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44706.pdf},
	author = {Yang,Young-Cheol and Lee,Hoi-Seon and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Young-Joon}
}
@article {63,
	title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing ERRATUM},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {2309},
	author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.}
}
@article {64,
	title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0374755; 0 (Plant Oils); 0 (Terpenes); ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {2507 - 2511},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, l-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptusleaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. l-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.},
	keywords = {animals, Oocytes/drug effects, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Terpenes/pharmacology},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	author = {Yang,Y. C. and Choi,H. Y. and Choi,W. S. and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Y. J.}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Pediculosis},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20050623; JID: 7907132; CIN: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Dec;51(6):1037; author reply 1037-8. PMID: 15583618; CIN: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Feb;52(2):374. PMID: 15692498; RF: 101; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1 - 12; quiz 13-4},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The 3 major lice that infest humans are Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pthirus pubis (crab louse), and Pediculus humanus humanus (body louse). Patients with louse infestation present with scalp pruritus, excoriations, cervical lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis. A hypersensitivity rash, or pediculid, may mimic a viral exanthem. Head lice infestation crosses all economic and social boundaries, whereas body lice infestation preferentially affects the homeless and displaced. Body lice are major vectors of diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Pubic lice infestation often is acquired as a sexually transmitted disease and may be a marker to screen for other sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of louse infestation can be challenging. Mechanical measures, such as combing, are helpful as adjunctive measures, but most studies suggest they are not as effective as chemical agents. Resistance to chemical agents is a growing problem. Major types of resistance include knock-down resistance, glutathione-S-transferase-based resistance, and monooxygenase-based resistance. Research is needed to identify new effective treatments.},
	keywords = {animals, Diagnosis, Differential, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/parasitology/therapy, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0190-9622},
	author = {Ko,C. J. and Elston,D. M.}
}
