02332nas a2200193   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000900206300001400215490000700229520171600236100001801952700002501970700002601995700002202021700002202043700001702065856005602082       2007                        eng d00aDetection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolchildren from Bobigny, France0 aDetection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolch  c2007  a796 - 7980 v443 aThe head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis(DeGeer), is an hematophagous ectoparasite that affects mainly children. Resistance to insecticides belonging to pyrethroids and other pediculicides, such as malathion, is responsible for frequently reported treatment failures. Recent studies showed that a M815I-T929I-L932F kdr-like mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel  -subunit gene was associated with permethrin resistance in head lice from several countries worldwide. We searched for the presence of pyrethroid resistancegeneinheadlice populations obtained in schoolchildren in an urban area of France. All the 15 primary schools of Bobigny, a city located 3 kmnorth of Paris, were selected to participate. Of 3,493 children enrolled, 3,345 (95.8%) children were screened for head lice by using Þne-toothed antilouse combs. Live head lice were detected in 112 (3.3%) of children screened. A subsample of 90 lice was processed for DNA study. The ampliÞcation of a 332-bp portion of the kdr-like gene spanning the codon 929 was performed, and polymerase chain reaction products were submitted to the restriction enzyme SspI. Twenty of these lice (22.2%) were homozygous susceptible, 33 (36.7%) were homozygous resistant, and 37 (41.1%) were heterozygotes. Globally, the frequency of the T929I mutation was 0.57. The prevalence of pediculosis in schoolchildren of Bobigny seemed relatively low in comparison with Þndings of other European studies. The presence of the T929I mutation associated with permethrin resistance probably reßected the frequent local use of this insecticide. Further studies are now required to evaluate the prevalence of the kdr-like mutant allele in head lice in French schools.1 aDurand, Rémy1 aMillard, Bénédicte1 aBouges-Michel, Claire1 aBruel, Christiane1 aBouvresse, Sophie1 aIzri, Arezki  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46901.pdf01421nas a2200205   4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260000900199300001200208490000700220520079900227100001601026700001801042700002001060700002201080700001801102700001901120700002001139856005601159       2007                        eng d00aMolecular Characterization of Two Acetylcholinesterase cDNAs in Pediculus Human Lice0 aMolecular Characterization of Two Acetylcholinesterase cDNAs in   c2007  a72 - 790 v443 aTwo cDNA sequences encoding Drosophila Ace-orthologous and -paralogous acetylcholinesterase precursors (AO- and AP-AChE precursors, respectively), were identified from the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. In vitro inhibition studies with an insecticide-susceptible body louse strain exhibited a simplex inhibitory response of AChE. The I50 values of fenitroxon and carbaryl were estimated to be 2.2 and 1.9 μM for the susceptible lice, respectively. The mRNA level of AP-AChE gene was 3.1- and 9.3-fold higher than that of AO-AChE gene in the abdomen and the combined parts of the head and thorax, respectively, suggesting, due to its abundance, the potential significance of the AP-AChE isoform in Pediculus human lice in association with the efficacy of AChE-targeting pediculicides.1 aLee, Si-Woo1 aKasai, Shinji1 aKomagata, Osamu1 aKobayashi, Mutsuo1 aAgui, Noriaki1 aKono, Yoshiaki1 aTomita, Takashi  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46717.pdf