01421nas a2200133   4500008004100000245010400041210006900145260000900214300001400223490000700237520096300244100002401207856005601231       2005                        eng d00aIdentification of Sodium Channel Mutations in Human Head Louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Denmark0 aIdentification of Sodium Channel Mutations in Human Head Louse A  c2005  a826 - 8290 v423 aThe presence of the two mutations T929I-L932F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance (kdr-like) was shown in head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, populations in Denmark. The existence of one susceptible and one T929I-L932F haplotype based on the limited single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of these sequences was established. One louse had an SNP causing a G943A substitution in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II on the sodium channel, which has not been identified in other insect species. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease method using genomic DNA to discriminate between resistant and susceptible alleles in head lice was developed and implemented. The SNP that results in the T929I substitution also creates a cutting site for the restriction endonuclease SspI, and the presence of one or two SspI cutting sites in head lice is diagnostic for the T929I-L932F haplotype.1 aKristensen, Michael  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46607.pdf01132nas a2200301   4500008004100000245014600041210006900187260000900256300001400265490000700279520018100286653001200467653001400479653001000493653001100503653002700514653001600541653001400557653001500571653003700586100002100623700001600644700002500660700003300685700002900718700002700747856005600774       2005                        eng d00aIncreased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to permethrin in Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina0 aIncreased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to p  c2005  a342 - 3450 v423 aWe studied the profile of permethrin resistance in populations of head lice infesting children 6-12 yr old in schools and their homes in and around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fiv10aanimals10aArgentina10achild10ahumans10aInsecticide Resistance10apediculosis10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aAudino, Gonzalez1 aBarrios, S.1 aVassena, Claudia, V.1 aMougabure-Cueto, Gastón, A.1 aZerba, Eduardo, Nicolás1 aPicollo, María, Inés  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44640.pdf01509nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245004300055210004200098260001700140300001200157490000700169520106300176100002001239700002101259700001901280856004001299       2005                        eng d  a0025-682X00aLice and lice-borne diseases in humans0 aLice and liceborne diseases in humans  aFrancec2005  a13 - 230 v653 aAmong the three lice which parasite the human being, the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a vector of infectious diseases. It lives and multiplies in clothes and human infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse: 1) Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus of which the most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed during the civil war in Burundi; 2) Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever, historically responsible of massive outbreaks in Eurasia and Africa, which prevails currently in Ethiopia and neighboring countries; 3) Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and lymphadenopathy. Body louse infestation, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability, is reemergent worldwide. Recently, a forth human pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, has been associated to the body louse.1 aHouhamdi, Linda1 aParola, Phillipe1 aRaoult, Didier  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/4701751nas a2200325   4500008004100000245012200041210006900163260000900232300001200241490000700253520076700260653001201027653001701039653001001056653002101066653000901087653001101096653003501107653002001142653001401162653003701176100001901213700001901232700002601251700002001277700002901297700001801326700002501344856005601369       2005                        eng d00aMethod to measure force required to remove Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) eggs from human hair0 aMethod to measure force required to remove Pediculus humanus cap  c2005  a89 - 930 v423 aHead lice are very common and mainly affect children between 3 and 12 yr old. Little is known about the way nits, the eggs of the head louse, are attached to the hair. In this report, an objective measurement procedure for the ease with which nits can be removed is presented. The first peak force, associated with the start of nit movement, and the average and maximal force during the sliding of the nit were measured. The three force variables correlated with the length of the cylinder by which the nit was attached to the hair. A negative correlation was found between the maximum force exerted and the distance of the nit from the scalp. The method described in this report can be used to determine the in vitro efficacy of various products to remove nits.10aanimals10aBiomechanics10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahair10ahumans10aLice Infestations/parasitology10aOvum/physiology10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aLapeere, Hilde1 aBrochez, Lieve1 aHaeghen, Yves, Vander1 aMabilde, Cyriel1 aStichele, Robert, Vander1 aLeybaert, Luc1 aNaeyaert, Jean-Marie  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44662.pdf02210nas a2200181   4500008004100000245005100041210005100092260000900143300001600152490000800168520171200176653000901888653002201897100001701919700001501936700002101951856005601972       2005                        eng d00aMosaic nature of the Wolbachia surface protein0 aMosaic nature of the Wolbachia surface protein  c2005  a5406 - 54180 v1873 aLateral gene transfer and recombination play important roles in the evolution of many parasitic bacteria. Here we investigate intragenic recombination in Wolbachia bacteria, considered among the most abundantintracellular bacteria on earth. We conduct a detailed analysis of the patterns of variation and recombination within the Wolbachia surface protein, utilizing an extensive set of published and new sequences from five main supergroups of Wolbachia. Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence variations confirms four hypervariable regions (HVRs), separated by regions under strong conservation. Comparison of shared polymorphisms reveals a complex mosaic structure of the gene, characterized by a clear intragenic recombining of segments among several distinct strains, whose major recombination effect is shuffling of a relatively conserved set of amino acid motifs within each of the four HVRs. Exchanges occurred both within and between the arthropod supergroups. Analyses based on phylogenetic methods and a specific recombination detection program (MAXCHI) significantly support this complex partitioning of the gene, indicating a chimeric origin of wsp. Although wsp has been widely used to define macro- and microtaxonomy among Wolbachia strains, these results clearly show that it is not suitable for this purpose. The role of wsp in bacterium-host interactions is currently unknown, but results presented here indicate that exchanges of HVR motifs are favored by natural selection. Identifying host proteins that interact with wsp variants should help reveal how these widespread bacterial parasites affect and evolve in response to the cellular environments of their invertebrate hosts.10alice10aPediculus humanus1 aBaldo, Laura1 aLo, Nathan1 aWerren, John, H.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47114.pdf02463nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245017600055210006900231260000900300300001600309490000700325520180800332100001702140700001602157700002002173700002002193700001602213856004002229       2005                        eng d  a0020-751900aOvicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil compounds and related compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculicidae)0 aOvicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bar  c2005  a1595 - 16000 v353 aThe toxicity of cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, bark essential oil compounds against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of their related compounds, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, as well as two widely used pediculicides, d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter-paper contact toxicity bioassay with female lice at 0.25mg/cm(2), benzaldehyde was 29- and 27-fold more toxic than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively, as judged by median lethal time (LT(50)) values. Salicylaldehyde was nine and eight times more active than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively. Pediculicidal activity of linalool was comparable with that of d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. Cinnamomum bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. Benzyl alcohol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde exhibited moderate pediculicidal activity. After 24h of exposure, no hatching was observed with 0.063mg/cm(2) salicylaldehyde, 0.125mg/cm(2) benzaldehyde, 0.5mg/cm(2)Cinnamomum bark essential oil, 1.0mg/cm(2) (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and 1.0mg/cm(2) benzyl cinnamate. Little or no ovicidal activity was observed with d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. In vapour phase toxicity tests with female lice, benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Neither d-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Cinnamomum bark essential oil and test compounds described merit further study as potential pediculicides or ovicides for the control of P. h. capitis.1 aYang, Y., C.1 aLee, H., S.1 aLee, Si, Hyeock1 aClark, Marshall1 aAhn, Y., J.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/5000804nas a2200193   4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260000900219300001200228490000700240520018700247100002900434700002000463700001900483700001600502700001900518700001700537856005600554       2005                        eng d00aThe Prevalence of Pediculus Humanus Capitis and Tinea Capitis Among Elementary School Students in Edirne0 aPrevalence of Pediculus Humanus Capitis and Tinea Capitis Among   c2005  a82 - 870 v223 aIn this study, we aimed to determine the prevalences of pediculus humanis capitis and tinea capitis and the causative agents of tinea capitis in elementary school children in Edirne.1 aTatman-Otkun, Müşerref1 aGürcan, Şaban1 aÖzer, Burçin1 aErtem, Arzu1 aŞakru, Nermin1 aOtkun, Metin  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46636.pdf05534nas a2200265   4500008004100000245021400041210006900255260000900324300001400333490000600347520470200353653000805055653001505063653000905078653001205087653001105099653001505110653000905125653001705134653001905151653001105170653001305181100001805194856005605212       2005                        eng d00aPsittacobrosus bechsteini: a new extinct chewing louse (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera) off the Cuban Macaw Ara tricolor (Psittaciiformes), with an annotated review of fossil and recently extinct animal lice0 aPsittacobrosus bechsteini a new extinct chewing louse Insecta Ph  c2005  a201 - 2170 v53 aA description is given of Psittacobrosus bechsteini n. sp. (Menoponidae sensu lato) from a female individual removed from a skin of the Cuban Macaw Ara tricolor, a Cuban endemic extinct since the 19th century. This find provided an opportunity to recall the relationship between ornithology and parasitology established by JOHANN MATTHÄUS BECHSTEIN (1757-1822) at the end of the 18th century. With regard to the listing of (4) scientific animal names created in honour of J. M. BECHSTEIN, it is argued here why the name of the small lepidopteran (Bucculatricidae) »Bucculatrix bechsteinella (BECHSTEIN & SCHARFENBERG, 1805) should be revised as Bucculatrix bechsteinella (SCHARFENBERG in BECHSTEIN & SCHARFENBERG, 1805). An annotated list identifies the animal louse species regarded as definitely or probably extinct up to the present day, as well as their hosts. It has been claimed that six fossil finds that are dealt with here are all animal lice. In actual fact, this applies to the following three records only: 1. Imagines of † Neohaematopinus relictus DUBININ, 1948 (Anoplura, Polyplacidae) ex † Spermolegus (Urocitellus) glacialis (VINOGRADOV) (Rodentia, Sciuridae), Pleistocene (ca. 10 000 years old), Yakutskaya. 2. Several eggs of an unknown animal louse (Anoplura ?) on hairs probably from a sciurid-like rodent (Rodentia), Baltic amber, Eocene (ca. 40 million years old), Germany. 3. An imago of † Megamenopon rasnitsyni WAPPLER, SMITH & DALGLEISH, 2003 (Amblycera, Menoponidae sensu lato) perhaps from a procellariiform, charadriiform or anseriform bird, Eocene (40 million years old), Germany. The Cretaceous Saurodectes vrsanskyi RASNITSYN & ZHERIKHIN, 1999, a presumed ectoparasite on hair-covered pterosaurs, did not belong to the Phthiraptera but to another insect order. Recent (probably) extinct animal lice from mammals are apparently as yet unknown, but in contrast, apart from † Psittacobrosus bechsteini n. sp., the following 11 speciesare known that once parasitized birds. In order of their first description they are: 1. † Acutifrons caracarensis (KELLOGG & MANN, 1912) (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) ex † Caracara lutosa (RIDGWAY) (Falconidae), Guadelupe Island (Mexico). 2. Longimenopon dominicanum (KELLOGG & MANN, 1912) (Amblycera, Menoponidae s. l.) ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla W. E. BRYANT (Hydrobatidae), Guadalupe Island. 3. Columbicola extinctus MALCOMSON, 1937 (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) ex † Ectopistes migratorius (L.) (Columbidae), North America. 4. Rallicola piageti CLAY, 1953 (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) ex Gallirallus lafresnayanus VERREAUX & DES MURS (Rallidae), New Caledonia. 5. Halipeurus (Anamias) raphanus TIMMERMANN, 1961 (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla W. E. BRYANT (Hydrobatidae), Guadalupe Island. 6. Puffinoecus jamaicensis (TIMMERMANN, 1962) (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s.l.) ex Pterodroma caribbaea CARTE (Procellariidae), Jamaica. 7. † Campanulotes defectus TENDEIRO, 1969 (Ischnocera, Goniodidae) ex † Ectopistes migratorius (L.) (Columbidae), North America. 8. Nitzschiella hemiphagae TENDEIRO, 1972 (Ischnocera, Goniodidae) ex † Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea (LATHAM) (Columbidae), Norfolk Island (New Zealand). 9. † Patellinirmus restinctus TENDEIRO, 1972 (Ischnocera, Goniodidae) ex † Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea (LATHAM) (Columbidae), Norfolk Island. 10. † Huiacola extinctus MEY, 1990 (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s.l.) ex † Heteralocha acutirostris (GOULD) (Callaeatidae), New Zealand (North Island). 11. Philopteroides xenicus MEY, 2004 (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) ex † Xenicus l. longipes (J. F. GMELIN) (Acanthisittidae), New Zealand. Further unnamed forms await their description, or their discovery on hosts that have become extinct during the last 400 years. Historical animal louse records are known from: 1. Trimenopon hispidum (BURMEISTER, 1838) (Amblycera, Trimenoponidae), 2. Gliricola porcelli (SCHRANK, 1781) (Amblycera, Gliricolidae), both ex Cavia porcellus f. dom. (Rodentia, Caviidae), Peru, 1100 years old. 3. Pediculus capitis DE GEER, 1778 (Anoplura, Pediculidae) ex Homo s. sapiens (Primates, Hominidae) ca. 1400-10000 years old, South America, New Zealand, Africa, Asia, and Europe. 4. Pediculus humanus L., 1758 (Anoplura, Pediculidae) ex Homo s. sapiens (Primates, Hominidae), ca. 1300-2000 years old, Egypt, North and South America. 5. Pthirus pubis (L., 1758) (Anoplura, Pthiridae) ex Homo s. sapiens (Primates, Hominidae), ca. 1000-2000 years old, Europe, Chile and Peru. 6. Microthoracius sp. (Anoplura, Microthoraciidae) ex Lama glama f. dom. (L., 1758) (Artiodactyla, Camelidae), ca. 1000 years old, Peru.10aAra10abechsteini10aCuba10aextinct10afossil10ahistorical10amtax10aPhthiraptera10aPsittacobrosus10asp. n.10atricolor1 aMey, Eberhard  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46150.pdf01789nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260000900242300001400251490000700265520115900272100001901431700002601450700001401476700001401490700002001504700001901524856004001543       2005                        eng d  a0932-011300aSerine proteinases of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus): sequence characterization and expression patterns0 aSerine proteinases of the human body louse Pediculus humanus seq  c2005  a486 - 5000 v973 aAfter the previous characterization of one trypsin gene (Try1) of the human body louse Pediculus humanus, genes encoding a second trypsin (Try2) and a chymotrypsin (Chy1) have been cloned using degenerate serine proteinase primers and 5'- and 3'-RACE, and sequenced. The deduced 259 and 267 amino acid sequences of Try2 and Chy1 show an identity of 33%-40% to trypsinogens and chymotrypsinogens of other insects. Considering previously published partial sequences, P. humanus possesses at least one Try1 gene, five variants/isoforms of Try2 and six variants/isoforms of Chy1. The genomic DNA of Try2 contains three introns and Chy1 contains five introns. Using whole mount in situ hybridization, gene expression of Try1, Try2 and Chy1 has been localized not only in the distensible anterior region of the midgut of lice but sometimes also in the area following the distensible region. The Try2 gene was always expressed at much lower levels than Try1 or Chy1. This lower expression, the constitutive expression of Try1 and Chy1 at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after feeding of adults and the regional differences have been verified in quantitative real-time PCR.1 aWaniek, P., J.1 aHendgen-Cotta, U., B.1 aStock, P.1 aMayer, C.1 aKollien, A., H.1 aSchaub, G., A.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/5301807nas a2200193   4500008004100000245011800041210006900159260000900228300001400237490000700251520116300258100002201421700003001443700001501473700002101488700002401509700002401533856005601557       2005                        eng d00aSerine proteinases of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus): sequence characterization and expression patterns0 aSerine proteinases of the human body louse Pediculus humanus seq  c2005  a486 - 5000 v973 aAfter the previous characterization of one trypsin gene (Try1) of the human body louse Pediculus humanus, genes encoding a second trypsin (Try2) and a chymotrypsin (Chy1) have been cloned using degenerate serine proteinase primers and 5¢- and 3¢-RACE, and sequenced. The deduced 259 and 267 amino acid sequences of Try2 and Chy1 show an identity of 33%–40% to trypsinogens and chymotrypsinogens of other insects. Considering previously published partial sequences, P. humanus possesses at least one Try1 gene, five variants/isoforms of Try2 and six variants/isoforms of Chy1. The genomic DNA of Try2 contains three introns and Chy1 contains five introns. Using wholemount in situ hybridization, gene expression of Try1, Try2 and Chy1 has been localized not only in the distensible
anterior region of the midgut of lice but sometimes also in the area following the distensible region. The Try2 gene was always expressed at much lower levels than Try1 or Chy1. This lower expression, the constitutive expression of Try1 and Chy1 at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after feeding of adults and the regional differences have been verified in quantitative real-time PCR.
1 aWaniek, Peter, J.1 aHendgen-Cotta, Ulrike, B.1 aStock, Pia1 aMayer, Christoph1 aKollien, Astrid, H.1 aSchaub, Günter, A.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47183.pdf