01846nas a2200133   4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260000900181520142100190100002301611700001801634700002001652856004001672       2008                        eng d00aWhat's in a name: The taxonomic status of human head and body lice0 aWhats in a name The taxonomic status of human head and body lice  c20083 aHuman head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae: Pediculus) are pandemic, parasitizing countless school children worldwide due to the evolution of insecticide resistance, and human body (clothing) lice are responsible for the deaths of millions as a result of vectoring several deadly bacterial pathogens. Despite the obvious impact these lice have had on their human hosts, it is unclear whether head and body lice represent two morphological forms of a single species or two distinct species. To assess the taxonomic status of head and body lice, we provide a synthesis of publicly available molecular data in GenBank, and we compare phylogenetic and population genetic methods using the most diverse geographic and molecular sampling presently available. Our analyses find reticulated networks, gene flow, and a lack of reciprocal monophyly, all of which indicate that head and body lice do not represent genetically distinct evolutionary units. Based on these findings, as well as inconsistencies of morphological, behavioral, and ecological variability between head and body lice, we contend that no known species concept would recognize these louse morphotypes as separate species. We recommend recognizing head and body lice as morphotypes of a single species, Pediculus humanus, until compelling new data and analyses (preferably analyses of fast evolving nuclear markers in a coalescent framework) indicate otherwise1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aToups, M., A.1 aReed, David, L.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/1902143nas a2200169   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000900244300001600253490000700269520155700276100002101833700002001854700002301874700002001897856005601917       2007                        eng d00aEvolutionary Relationships of "Candidatus Riesia spp.," Endosymbiotic Enterobacteriaceae Living within Hematophagous Primate Lice0 aEvolutionary Relationships of Candidatus Riesia spp Endosymbioti  c2007  a1659 - 16640 v733 aThe primary endosymbiotic bacteria from three species of parasitic primate lice were characterized molecularly. We have confirmed the characterization of the primary endosymbiont (P-endosymbiont) of the human head/body louse Pediculus humanus and provide new characterizations of the P-endosymbionts from Pediculus schaeffi from chimpanzees and Pthirus pubis, the pubic louse of humans. The endosymbionts show an average percent sequence divergence of 11 to 15% from the most closely related known bacterium "Candidatus Arsenophonus insecticola." We propose that two additional species be added to the genus "Candidatus Riesia." The new species proposed within "Candidatus Riesia" have sequence divergences of 3.4% and 10 to 12% based on uncorrected pairwise differences. Our Bayesian analysis shows that the branching pattern for the primary endosymbionts was the same as that for their louse hosts, suggesting a long coevolutionary history between primate lice and their primary endosymbionts. We used a calibration of 5.6 million years to date the divergence between endosymbionts from human and chimpanzee lice and estimated an evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitution of 0.67% per million years, which is 15 to 30 times faster than previous estimates calculated for Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont in aphids. Given the evidence for cospeciation with primate lice and the evidence for fast evolutionary rates, this lineage of endosymbiotic bacteria can be evaluated as a fast-evolving marker of both louse and primate evolutionary histories.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46874.pdf01903nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001600205490000700221520138100228100002301609700002101632700002001653700002001673856004001693       2007                        eng d00aHost-symbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice0 aHostsymbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human he  c2007  a1058 - 10660 v213 aThe first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the -Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation, changes in length from 2–4 µm to more than 100 µm, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host’s immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/2301855nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260000900197520137900206100002301585700002101608700002001629700002001649856004001669       2007                        eng d00aHost-symbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice0 aHostsymbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human h  c20073 aThe first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the -Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation,changes in length from 2–4  m to more than 100  m, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host’s immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.
1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/24