@article {41,
	title = {Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {533 - 538},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculis capitis De Geer, populations were investigated for permethrin and malathion resistance after initial establishment of a discriminating dose of topical application bioassay with body lice, Pediculus humanus L. For both insecticides, ≈2 times the lethal dose (LD)95 at 4 h was selected, 2 ng of permethrin and 100 ng of malathion per head louse, respectively. Head lice were collected from heads of infested children in Denmark at 33 primary schools, one kindergarten, and seven boarding schools. The lice were collected by combing of dry hair, with a fine-toothed antilouse comb attached to a vacuum cleaner. A resistance survey covers head lice collected from 208 of 1,441 persons combed. The frequency of permethrin- and malathion-resistant head lice is high in Danish head lice populations. In 17 of 24 samples tested for permethrin resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Six samples had between 3 and 25\% dead head lice, whereas one sample had 60\% mortality. In nine of 25 samples tested for malathion resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Seven samples had <25\% dead head lice, and four samples had a mortality of 50\% or more at the discriminating dose. The connection between permethrin resistance and kdr-like mutations is confirmed by our findings. The frequency of the double mutation T929I-L932 F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance was 0.95 in Danish head lice populations.},
	keywords = {bioassay, capitis, humanus, knockdown, Pediculus, pyrethroid, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46259.pdf},
	author = {Kristensen,Michael and Knorr,Mette and Rasmussen,Anne-Marie and Jespersen,J{\o}rgen B.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Identification of Sodium Channel Mutations in Human Head Louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Denmark},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {826 - 829},
	abstract = {The presence of the two mutations T929I-L932F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance (kdr-like) was shown in head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, populations in Denmark. The existence of one susceptible and one T929I-L932F haplotype based on the limited single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of these sequences was established. One louse had an SNP causing a G943A substitution in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II on the sodium channel, which has not been identified in other insect species. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease method using genomic DNA to discriminate between resistant and susceptible alleles in head lice was developed and implemented. The SNP that results in the T929I substitution also creates a cutting site for the restriction endonuclease SspI, and the presence of one or two SspI cutting sites in head lice is diagnostic for the T929I-L932F haplotype.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46607.pdf},
	author = {Kristensen,Michael}
}
