@article {100,
	title = {Epidemic typhus in Africa},
	journal = {Medecine Tropicale},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8710146; RF: 91; ppublish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {181 - 192},
	address = {FRANCE},
	abstract = {Epidemic typhus is caused by a small strictly intracellular virus named Rickettsia prowazekii, a member of the Rickettsial family. It is transmitted to man by the body louse, Pediculus humanus. Although now rare in Western countries, exanthematic typhus remains common in the Southern hemisphere due to poverty, inadequate clothing hygiene, and poor socioeconomic conditions. In Africa, outbreaks have historically occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, southwest Ouganda, and Ethiopia. The largest outbreak of epidemic typhus since the World War II was reported in Burundi where ongoing civil war since October 1993 has forced 10 p. 100 of the population of Burundi to live in cold, promiscuity, and malnutrition of makeshift refugee camps. The purpose of this report based on our two-year experience working with this unfortunate population is to describe the characteristics of this disease in Africa where the epidemic form had become rare until recently. Indeed political unrest as well as numerous civil wars are now epidmiological factors favorizing outbreaks of epidemic typhus at any time. This overview also provides an opportunity to recall epidemiological, bacteriological, and clinical aspects of typhus as well as diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the context of Africa.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Burundi, Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Outbreaks/statistics \& numerical data, English Abstract, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/microbiology, populations, risk factors, typhus, war},
	isbn = {0025-682X},
	author = {Ndihokubwayo,J. B. and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {66,
	title = {Pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of eastern Poland},
	journal = {European journal of epidemiology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8508062; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {491 - 495},
	address = {Netherlands},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of head pediculosis in the rural and urban environments of Lublin Province (eastern Poland) in 1996-2000 and to examine socioeconomic factors influencing distribution among schoolchildren. A total of 95,153 schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas were examined twice yearly by school nurses. The overall rate of head pediculosis differs significantly between rural (1.59\%) and urban (0.48\%) schools in eastern Poland. Children between 8 and 12 years old were most frequently infested. Pediculosis was observed most frequently in girls both in the urban (63.5\%) and rural (75.3\%) schools and this was related with hairstyles. The prevalence of pediculosis decreased with increasing life standards, i.e. with high income, accessibility and consumption of water and better health care systems. Our findings showed that prevalence of pediculosis capitis depends on the age and sex of the schoolchildren and their living conditions. Hygienic controls of schoolchildren by nurses are important in the elimination of Pediculus humanus capitis. Our results confirmed pediculosis capitis is still a problem in different environments, particularly with lower life standards and poorer economic conditions of health care.},
	keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Poland, prevalence, risk factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/classification/statistics \& numerical data, urban},
	isbn = {0393-2990},
	author = {Buczek,A. and Markowska-Gosik,D. and Widomska,D. and Kawa,I. M.}
}
@article {80,
	title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province},
	journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nac. de Cordoba},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303003; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {43 - 53},
	address = {Argentina},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Approximately 80\% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c{\textquoteright} test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.},
	keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, prevalence, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors},
	isbn = {0014-6722},
	author = {Ramirez,A. and Luduena Almeida,F. F. and Almiron,W. R.}
}
