@article {332,
	title = {Die Wirkung von Trichloracetonitril ("Tritox") auf Kleiderl{\"a}use},
	journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Hygienische Zoologie},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1941},
	note = {471},
	month = {1941},
	pages = {65 - 82},
	keywords = {development, egg, Pediculus humanus, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Reichmuth,W.}
}
@article {292,
	title = {Resistance of body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis, DeG.) to DDT in Istok District (Kosmet Region)},
	journal = {Vojnosanitetski pregled. Military-medical and pharmaceutical review},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1957},
	note = {JID: 21530700R; OID: CLML: 5732:32242; OTO: NLM; ppublish},
	month = {1957},
	pages = {18 - 27},
	keywords = {control, DDT, Pediculus, resistance},
	isbn = {0042-8450},
	author = {Lepes,T. J.}
}
@article {300,
	title = {Resistance and pseudo-resistance of local strains of Pediculus humanus humanus Lin. (Anoplura) in the south of France to chlorinated insecticides.},
	journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}Academie nationale de medecine},
	volume = {138},
	year = {1954},
	note = {JID: 7503383; OID: CLML: 5527:1853:131:343; OTO: NLM; ppublish},
	month = {1954},
	pages = {245 - 246},
	keywords = {DDT, France, pediculosis, resistance},
	isbn = {0001-4079},
	author = {Sautet,J. and Nicoli,R. M. and Tabau,R.}
}
@article {247,
	title = {Investigations on the nature of DDT and gamma-BHC resistance in a strain of human body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis DeGeer, collected from Alexandria U. A. R. (United Arab Republic) during May, 1969},
	journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Angewandte Entomologie},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1970},
	note = {906},
	month = {1970},
	pages = {95 - 98},
	keywords = {corporis, DDT, Egypt, Pediculus, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Gaaboub,Ibrahim A.}
}
@article {249,
	title = {Susceptibility of body- lice Pediculus humanus humanus to some insecticides in Alexandria area in the United Arab Republic},
	journal = {Alex. J. Agr. Res.},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1970},
	note = {907},
	month = {1970},
	pages = {123 - 129},
	keywords = {control, DDT, organophosphate, Pediculus, Primates, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Enan,Osman H.}
}
@article {271,
	title = {Second survey of insecticide-resistance in body lice, 1958-63},
	journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1965},
	note = {"Between 1953 and 1956 the WHO carried out a global survey of the susceptibility of body-lice to insecticides. A second survey was organized in 1958; this paper summarizes the results of susceptibility tests done in 22 countries over the period 1958-63. Resistance to DDT has been found in a number of countries. The LC(100) for resistant body-lice has been found to be over 5\% DDT; the LC(100) for hybrids to be between 1\% and 5\% DDT; and the LC(50) for susceptible genotypes has been estimated to be less than 0; 04 \% DDT. Body-lice continue to be susceptible to gamma-HCH and pyrethrins in most countries; although they show increased tolerance to gamma-HCH in Egypt. Their susceptibility to malathion in various localities in Egypt has been assessed; and the LC(50) found to range from 0; 02\% to 0; 032\%."},
	month = {1965},
	pages = {485 - 501},
	keywords = {Pediculus humanus humanus, resistance, survey, Troester},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/41719.pdf},
	author = {Wright,J. W. and Pal,R.}
}
@article {234,
	title = {Pyrazolidin resistance in the louse Pediculus humanus, transmitted by the female and not associated with symbionts or infectious agents},
	journal = {Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSR},
	volume = {196},
	year = {1972},
	note = {1555},
	month = {1972},
	pages = {693 - 694},
	keywords = {control, Pediculus humanus, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Sagaidakovskii,N. N.}
}
@article {240,
	title = {Further notes on the susceptibility of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus to insecticides in Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1971},
	note = {931},
	month = {1971},
	pages = {284 - 288},
	keywords = {control, DDT, Pediculus humanus humanus, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Mahdi,A. H. and Kamel,Osman M.}
}
@article {243,
	title = {Susceptibility of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus corporis to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in Lybia},
	journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Angewandte Entomologie},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1971},
	note = {938},
	month = {1971},
	pages = {227 - 233},
	keywords = {control, noch keine gegen gamma-BHC in Libyen., Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, resistance, Troester},
	author = {Shalaby,A. M.}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Lice},
	journal = {Chronicle of the World Health Organization},
	volume = {82.858},
	year = {1982},
	note = {1666},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	keywords = {biology, control, med. Bedeutung, Pediculus humanus, Pthirus pubis, resistance, Troester},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/41644.pdf},
	author = {Weidhaas,D. E. and Gratz,Norman G.}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus - the effect of induced resistance on the louse population},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {114 - 118},
	abstract = {Resistance to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L, induced by feeding on rabbits immunized with an extract of louse gut was studied. The mortality of lice fed on immunized rabbits was 73\%, significantly higher than that of lice fed on control rabbits (52\%) (P < 0.01). The proportion of dead nymphs and female lice with ruptured guts was significantly higher in lice fed on immunized rabbits (P < 0.01). The size of the bloodmeal was 35\% greater in female lice fed on control rabbits than on immunized rabbits. Lice fed on immunized rabbits laid 40\% less eggs than those fed on the controls, they also demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of eggs per female over time (P < 0.01). 86\% of the eggs laid by lice fed on immunized animals hatched, compared with 92\% hatching of eggs laid by the lice fed on control animals (P < 0.01). With the exception of the first bloodmeal the percentage of hatched eggs which were laid between any two bloodmeals was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) in the lice fed on immunized rabbits than in the control group. The first nymphal stage of lice fed on immunized rabbits took an average of 5.2 days to moult to the second stage, compared with 4 days for those fed on control rabbits.},
	keywords = {Anoplura, antigens, Boophilus, cattle, Hoplopleuridae, immunization, infestation, microplus, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus humanus, Phthiraptera, polyplax serrata, resistance, ticks, vaccination},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38454.pdf},
	author = {Ben-Yakir,David and Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Manor,Orly and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {118,
	title = {Interest and limits of tests to evaluate pediculicides efficacy},
	journal = {Bulletin de L Academie Nationale de Medecine},
	volume = {180},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {1315 - 1324},
	abstract = {The obligation to prove pediculicides efficacy is relatively recent.  Two tests are required by the autorities to obtain registration, In  vitro test (with Pediculus humanus humanus) is the first step to  evaluate the efficacy of new molecules. It must be followed by  bio-clinical tests (with infested children by Pediculus humanus  capitis). For those tests the autors advise to respect the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}three  units rule{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} : unit of time (no more than 2 days for the test), unit of  place (same environment) and unit of action (only one team to apply and  evaluate products). This type of tests is possible only in countries  with high infestation (at least 60 \% of prevalence). A third test is  consequently advised, the ex vivo test using Pediculus humanus capitis  obtained from infested children in France. This test can be useful also  to re-evaluate current products in the light of increased resistance or  decreased sensitivity of the lice. Finally some other tests can be  advised to prove some other activities like remanence or repellent  properties or to estimate lice resistance.},
	keywords = {drug, drugs, insecticide, lice, pediculosis, resistance},
	author = {Combescot,Charles and Combescot-Lang,Catherine and Nadon,Jacques de and Remy-Kristensen,Arlette and Richard-Lenoble,Dominique}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {427 - 432},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.},
	keywords = {body, capitis, children, control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38552.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {34,
	title = {The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {55 - 56},
	abstract = {New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigantknockdown time 50\% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essentialoils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay,none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellencytest, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control(piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.},
	keywords = {aliphatic, capitis, Lactones, pediculosis, Pediculus, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46185.pdf},
	author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Faillaci,Silvina and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Permethrin-Resistant Head Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina Are Susceptible to Spinosad},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {634 - 635},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of spinosad was evaluated against susceptible and permethrin-resistant human lice. In a permethrin-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae), the toxicity of spinosad was similar to that established for permethrin, with an LD50 value of 1.2 ng/insect and 2.4 ng/insect, respectively. Topical application of spinosad to populations of permethrin-resistant head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), showed that susceptibility to spinosad was independent of resistance to permethrin. The effectiveness of spinosad against human lice and the low mammalian toxicity reported in the literature suggest that spinosad could be useful for the management of permethrin-resistant human lice.},
	keywords = {Argentina, humanus, spinosad, permethrin, Pediculus, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46258.pdf},
	author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {41,
	title = {Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {533 - 538},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculis capitis De Geer, populations were investigated for permethrin and malathion resistance after initial establishment of a discriminating dose of topical application bioassay with body lice, Pediculus humanus L. For both insecticides, ≈2 times the lethal dose (LD)95 at 4 h was selected, 2 ng of permethrin and 100 ng of malathion per head louse, respectively. Head lice were collected from heads of infested children in Denmark at 33 primary schools, one kindergarten, and seven boarding schools. The lice were collected by combing of dry hair, with a fine-toothed antilouse comb attached to a vacuum cleaner. A resistance survey covers head lice collected from 208 of 1,441 persons combed. The frequency of permethrin- and malathion-resistant head lice is high in Danish head lice populations. In 17 of 24 samples tested for permethrin resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Six samples had between 3 and 25\% dead head lice, whereas one sample had 60\% mortality. In nine of 25 samples tested for malathion resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Seven samples had <25\% dead head lice, and four samples had a mortality of 50\% or more at the discriminating dose. The connection between permethrin resistance and kdr-like mutations is confirmed by our findings. The frequency of the double mutation T929I-L932 F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance was 0.95 in Danish head lice populations.},
	keywords = {bioassay, capitis, humanus, knockdown, Pediculus, pyrethroid, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46259.pdf},
	author = {Kristensen,Michael and Knorr,Mette and Rasmussen,Anne-Marie and Jespersen,J{\o}rgen B.}
}
