@article {74,
	title = {Molecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {468 - 474},
	abstract = {The problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Drug Resistance/genetics, humans, insecticide, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Messenger/genetics, sequence, Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44754.pdf},
	author = {Tomita,Takashi and Yaguchi,Noboru and Mihara,Minoru and Takahashi,Masakazu and Agui,Noriaki and Kasai,Shinji}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20050127; GENBANK/AY316748; GENBANK/AY316749; GENBANK/AY316750; GENBANK/AY316751; GENBANK/AY316752; GENBANK/AY316753; GENBANK/AY316754; GENBANK/AY316755; GENBANK/AY316756; GENBANK/AY316757; GENBANK/AY316758; GENBANK/AY316759; GENBANK/AY316760; GENBANK/AY316761; GENBANK/AY316762; GENBANK/AY316763; GENBANK/AY316764; GENBANK/AY316765; GENBANK/AY316766; GENBANK/AY316767; GENBANK/AY316768; GENBANK/AY316769; GENBANK/AY316770; GENBANK/AY316771; GENBANK/AY316772; GENBANK/AY316773; GENBANK/AY316774; GENBANK/AY316775; GENBANK/AY316776; GENBANK/AY316777; GENBANK/AY316778; GENBANK/AY316779; GENBANK/AY316780; GENBANK/AY316781; GENBANK/AY316782; GENBANK/AY316783; GENBANK/AY316784; GENBANK/AY316785; GENBANK/AY316786; GENBANK/AY316787; GENBANK/AY316788; GENBANK/AY316789; GENBANK/AY316790; GENBANK/AY316791; GENBANK/AY316792; GENBANK/AY316793; GENBANK/AY316794; GENBANK/AY316795; GENBANK/AY316796; GENBANK/AY316797; GENBANK/AY316798; GENBANK/AY316799; GENBANK/AY316800; GENBANK/AY316801; GENBANK/AY316802; GENBANK/AY316803; GENBANK/AY316804; GENBANK/AY316805; GENBANK/AY316806; GENBANK/AY316807; GENBANK/AY316808; GENBANK/AY316809; GENBANK/AY316810; GENBANK/AY316811; GENBANK/AY316812; GENBANK/AY316813; GENBANK/AY316814; GENBANK/AY316815; GENBANK/AY316816; GENBANK/AY316817; GENBANK/AY316818; GENBANK/AY316819; GENBANK/AY316820; GENBANK/AY316821; GENBANK/AY316822; GENBANK/AY316823; GENBANK/AY316824; GENBANK/AY316825; GENBANK/AY316826; GENBANK/AY316827; GENBANK/AY316828; GENBANK/AY316829; GENBANK/AY316830; GENBANK/AY316831; GENBANK/AY316832; GENBANK/AY316833; GENBANK/AY316834; GENBANK/AY316835; GENBANK/AY316836; GENBANK/AY316837; GENBANK/AY316838; GENBANK/AY316839; GENBANK/AY316840; GENBANK/AY316841; GENBANK/AY316842; GENBANK/AY316843; GENBANK/AY316844; GENBANK/AY316845; GENBANK/AY316846; GENBANK/AY316847; GENBANK/AY316848; GENBANK/AY316849; GENBANK/AY316850; GENBANK/AY316851; GENBANK/AY316852; GENBANK/AY316853; GENBANK/AY316854; GENBANK/AY316855; GENBANK/AY316856; GENBANK/AY316857; GENBANK/AY316858; GENBANK/AY316859; GENBANK/AY316860; GENBANK/AY316861; GENBANK/AY316862; GENBANK/AY316863; GENBANK/AY316864; GENBANK/AY316865; GENBANK/AY316866; GENBANK/AY316867; GENBANK/AY316868; GENBANK/AY316869; GENBANK/AY316870; GENBANK/AY316871; GENBANK/AY316872; GENBANK/AY316873; GENBANK/AY316874; GENBANK/AY316875; GENBANK/AY316876; GENBANK/AY316877; GENBANK/AY316878; GENBANK/AY316879; GENBANK/AY316880; GENBANK/AY316881; GENBANK/AY316882; GENBANK/AY316883; GENBANK/AY316884; GENBANK/AY316885; GENBANK/AY316886; GENBANK/AY316887; GENBANK/AY316888; GENBANK/AY316889; GENBANK/AY316890; GENBANK/AY316891; GENBANK/AY316892; GENBANK/AY316893; GENBANK/AY316894; GENBANK/AY316895; GENBANK/AY316896; GENBANK/AY316897; GENBANK/AY316898; GENBANK/AY316899; GENBANK/AY316900; GENBANK/AY316901; GENBANK/AY316902; GENBANK/AY316903; GENBANK/AY316904; GENBANK/AY316905; GENBANK/AY316906; GENBANK/AY316907; GENBANK/AY316908; GENBANK/AY316909; GENBANK/AY316910; GENBANK/AY316911; GENBANK/AY316912; GENBANK/AY316913; GENBANK/AY316914; GENBANK/AY316915; GENBANK/AY316916; GENBANK/AY316917; GENBANK/AY316918; GENBANK/AY316919; GENBANK/AY316920; GENBANK/AY316921; GENBANK/AY316922; GENBANK/AY316923; GENBANK/AY316924; GENBANK/AY316925; GENBANK/AY316926; GENBANK/AY316927; GENBANK/AY316928; GENBANK/AY316929; JID: 9107782; 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial); EIN: Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):2309; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1414 - 1417},
	abstract = {The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.},
	keywords = {Africa, animals, Clothing, dna, Evolution, Molecular, history, humans, Lice Infestations/history/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors},
	isbn = {0960-9822},
	author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {651 - 657},
	abstract = {The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44841.pdf},
	author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
