@article {77,
	title = {Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii},
	journal = {Parasitology research},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {209 - 211},
	abstract = {Since the pioneering work of Charles Nicolle in 1909 [see Gross (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10539-10540] most medical officers and scientists have assumed that body lice are the sole vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the aetiological agent of louse-borne epidemic typhus (LBET). Here we review the evidence for the axiom that head lice are not involved in epidemics of LBET. Laboratory experiments demonstrate the ability of head lice to transmit R. prowazekii, but evidence for this in the field has not been reported. However, the assumption that head lice do not transmit R. prowazekii has meant that head lice have not been examined for R. prowazekii during epidemics of LBET. The strong association between obvious (high) infestations of body lice and LBET has contributed to this perception, but this association does not preclude head lice as vectors of R. prowazekii. Indeed, where the prevalence and intensity of body louse infections may be high (e.g. during epidemics of LBET), the prevalence and intensity of head louse infestations is generally high as well. This review of the epidemiology of head louse and body louse infestations, and of LBET, indicates that head lice are potential vectors of R. prowazekii in the field. Simple observations in the field would reveal whether or not head lice are natural vectors of this major human pathogen.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Insect vectors, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/physiology, typhus},
	isbn = {0932-0113},
	author = {Robinson,D. and Leo,Natalie P. and Prociv,P. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {82,
	title = {Susceptibility of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pediculicides in Australia},
	journal = {Parasitology Research},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {476 - 478},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/6651.pdf},
	author = {Hunter,J. A. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Serine proteinases of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus): sequence characterization and expression patterns},
	journal = {Parasitology research},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {486 - 500},
	abstract = {After the previous characterization of one trypsin gene (Try1) of the human body louse Pediculus humanus, genes encoding a second trypsin (Try2) and a chymotrypsin (Chy1) have been cloned using degenerate serine proteinase primers and 5{\textquoteright}- and 3{\textquoteright}-RACE, and sequenced. The deduced 259 and 267 amino acid sequences of Try2 and Chy1 show an identity of 33\%-40\% to trypsinogens and chymotrypsinogens of other insects. Considering previously published partial sequences, P. humanus possesses at least one Try1 gene, five variants/isoforms of Try2 and six variants/isoforms of Chy1. The genomic DNA of Try2 contains three introns and Chy1 contains five introns. Using whole mount in situ hybridization, gene expression of Try1, Try2 and Chy1 has been localized not only in the distensible anterior region of the midgut of lice but sometimes also in the area following the distensible region. The Try2 gene was always expressed at much lower levels than Try1 or Chy1. This lower expression, the constitutive expression of Try1 and Chy1 at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after feeding of adults and the regional differences have been verified in quantitative real-time PCR.},
	isbn = {0932-0113},
	author = {Waniek,P. J. and Hendgen-Cotta,U. B. and Stock,P. and Mayer,C. and Kollien,A. H. and Schaub,G. A.}
}
