@article {123,
	title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {427 - 432},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.},
	keywords = {body, capitis, children, control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/38552.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Prevalence and levels of Permethrin resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {447 - 450},
	abstract = {Permethrin has been used extensively for control of Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer(Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina since 1990, resulting in the development of resistance to this and other pyrethroids. This resistance was {\TH}rst detected in some {\TH}eld populations in 1997. A survey for resistance in Buenos Aires in 2001 revealed signifcant resistance levels in lice on children at 24 of 26 (92.3\%) schools. When compared with a previously unexposed reference population, resistance ratios (RRs) obtained by exposing the insects to {\TH}lter papers impregnated with permethrin ranged from 2 to 60 in 10 (39\%) of the schools. RRs in the remaining 14 (61\%) populations were too great to not be measured with the {\TH}lter paper method (RR   88.7). As an alternative, we used topical applications of 0.1  l of acetone solution of permethrin on the dorsal abdomen of adults and third instars. This topical method, which has not been previously reported for head lice, was capable of quantifying higher levels of resistance. Highly resistant populations had RRs from 162.5 to 655.2. When applied to populations with low and intermediate levels of resistance, results from the {\TH}lter paper and topical application methods were highly correlated, and RRs from topical application were higher than those from the {\TH}lter paper method. Results from the combination of the two methods indicated that head lice among Buenos Aries school children are highly resistant to permethrin, and the resistance is widespread.
},
	keywords = {Argentina, capitis, pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin},
	author = {Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino,Paola and Alzogaray,R. A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
