@article {28,
	title = {Allergy due to head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)},
	journal = {Allergy},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {1372},
	author = {Fernandez,S. and Fernandez,A. and Armentia,A. and Pineda,F.}
}
@article {29,
	title = {Bartonella quintana, lice, and molecular tools.},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {787 - 787},
	abstract = {Comments on:First Molecular Evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) Collected from Nepalese Children.
by
TOSHINORI SASAKI, SHREE KANTA S POUDEL, HARUHIKO ISAWA, TOSHIHIKO HAYASHI, NAOMI SEKI, TAKASHI TOMITA, KYOKO SAWABE, AND MUTSUO KOBAYASHI see Ref. No. 46606},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46586.pdf},
	author = {Parola,Phillipe and Fournier,Pierre-Edouard and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {30,
	title = {Embryonic development of human lice: rearing conditions and susceptibility to spinosad},
	journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {257 - 261},
	abstract = {The embryonic development of human lice was evaluated according to the changes in the morphology of the embryo observed through the transparent chorion. Based on ocular and appendage development, three stages of embryogenesis were established: early, medium, and late. Influence of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the laboratory rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis eggs was assessed. The optimal ranges for temperature and RH were 27-31{\textdegree}C and 45-75\%. The susceptibility of human louse eggs to insecticide spinosad (a macrocyclic lactone) was assessed by immersion method. The results showed similar susceptibility to spinosad in early, medium, and late stages of head lice eggs. In addition, this study showed similar susceptibility of head and body lice eggs to spinosad, an insecticide that has not been used as pediculicide in Argentina (lethal concentration 50: 0.01\%).},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46544.pdf},
	author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {31,
	title = {Experimentally infected human body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) as vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii in a rabbit model},
	journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {521 - 525},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46340.pdf},
	author = {Houhamdi,Linda and Raoult,Didier}
}
@article {32,
	title = {First Molecular Evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), Collected from Nepalese Children},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {110 - 112},
	abstract = {Trench fever is a body louse-borne disease caused by Bartonella quintana Brenner. The recent status of louse infestation in Nepalese children is not well known. We collected head and body lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and Pediculus humanus humanus L., respectively, from 30 children, including 11 cases of double infestation with both head and body lice. Detection of B. quintana in both louse species identified was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products with B. quintana DNA sequences were detected in both head and body lice from two children as well as in body lice derived from two other children. These results demonstrate that head lice may also play a role in the transmission of trench fever.},
	keywords = {Bartonella, ediculosis, head lice, Nepal, PCR, quintana, trench fever},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46198.pdf},
	author = {Sasaki,Toshinori and Poudel,Shree Kanta S. and Isawa,Haruhiko and Hayashi,Toshihiko and Seki,Naomi and Tomita,Takashi and Sawabe,Kyoko and Kobayashi,Mutsuo}
}
@article {33,
	title = {First Molecular Evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), Collected from Nepalese Children [authors{\textquoteright} reply]},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {788},
	abstract = {Response of authors to published comments by Parola, P., P.-E. Fournier, and D. Raoult. 2006. Bartonella quintana, lice, and molecular tools. J. Med. Entomol. 43:787.
Poudel,},
	keywords = {Bartonella, ediculosis, head lice, Nepal, PCR, quintana, reply, trench fever},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46606.pdf},
	author = {Sasaki,Toshinori and Poudel,Shree Kanta S. and Isawa,Haruhiko and Hayashi,Toshihiko and Seki,Naomi and Tomita,Takashi and Sawabe,Kyoko and Kobayashi,Mutsuo}
}
@article {34,
	title = {The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {55 - 56},
	abstract = {New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigantknockdown time 50\% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essentialoils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay,none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellencytest, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control(piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.},
	keywords = {aliphatic, capitis, Lactones, pediculosis, Pediculus, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46185.pdf},
	author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Faillaci,Silvina and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {35,
	title = {Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {889 - 895},
	abstract = {The repeated use of permethrin and other insecticides for the control of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), during past decades has resulted in the development of marked levels of resistance. Thus, new alternative insecticides are needed for the control of head lice. We studied the fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils from 16 native and exotic plants in Argentina, and 21 chemical components against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. With a direct vapor-exposure bioassay, the most effective oil was from the native Myrcianthes cisplatensis Cambess (Myrtaceae) with a time to 50\% knockdown (KT50) of 1.3 min, followed by exotic species, Eucalyptus cinerea F.V. Muell., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill., and Eucalyptus saligna Smith. withKT50 values of 12.0, 14.9, and 17.4 min, respectively. The most effective components were 1,8-cineole and anisole, with KT50 values of 11.1 and 12.7 min, respectively. Regression analysis of KT50 values and vapor pressures and water-partition coef{\TH}cients for the essential oil components revealed that the most effective fumigants were among the more volatile components. Repellency assays indicated that the essential oil from Mentha pulegium L. and its benzyl alcohol component were the most effective repellents, having repellency indices of 75.5 and 57.8\%, respectively. Thus, some Argentinean plants contain essential oils and components that function as fumigants or as repellents and thereby show potential for development of new control products for head lice.},
	keywords = {Argentina, Essential oils, fumigants, head lice, plants, repellents},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46542.pdf},
	author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Biurrun,Fernando and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {36,
	title = {Head louse infestations in Gaza governorates},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {505 - 507},
	abstract = {In total, 2,408 primary school girls (6-14 yr old) in two districts within the GazaGovernorate were examined for the presence of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer. The localities chosen for the study were the Old Gaza city and the rural village Jabalia. The rate of infestation with lice was 14.1\%, and an additional 35\% of girls had nits (eggs) only. The prevalence of louse infestation was high among the 6-12-yr-old girls. A sharp decline in infestation was observed after 12 yr of age. No lice were found on the 13 to 14-yr-old girls examined. Approximatel 67.1\% of infested girls had one to 10 lice and 49.8\% had one to 10 nits on their hair. Significant difference in louse and nit only infestations was found between girls with short and long hair.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46370.pdf},
	author = {Al-Shawa,Rodina M.}
}
@article {37,
	title = {Lethality of essential oil constituents towards the human louse, Pediculus humanus, and its eggs},
	journal = {Fitoterapia},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {303 - 309},
	abstract = {Essential oils have been widely used in traditional medicine for the  eradication of lice, including head lice, but due to the variability of  their constitution the effects may not be reproducible. In an attempt  to assess the contribution of their component monoterpenoids, a range  of common individual compounds were tested in in vitro toxicity model  against both human lice (Pediculus humanus, an accepted model of  head lice lethality) and their eggs, at different concentrations. No  detailed study into the relative potencies of their constituent  terpenoids has so far been published. Adult lice were observed for lack  of response to stimuli over 3 h and the LT50 calculated, and  the percentage of eggs failing to hatch was used to generate ovicidal  activity data. A ranking was compiled for adult lice and partially for  eggs, enabling structure{\textendash}activity relationships to be assessed for  lethality to both, and showed that, for activity in both life-cycle  stages, different structural criteria were required. (+)-Terpinen-4-ol  was the most effective compound against adult lice, followed by other  mono-oxygenated monocyclic compounds, whereas nerolidol was  particularly lethal to eggs, but ineffective against adult lice.},
	keywords = {control, Essential oils, head lice, Monoterpenes, Ovicidal, Pediculicidal, pediculosis},
	author = {Priestley,C. M. and Burgess,Ian F. and Williamson,E. M.}
}
@article {38,
	title = {Morphological variation associated with function in three species in the family Pediculidae (Insecta: Phthiraptera)},
	journal = {Metodos en Ecologia y Sistematica},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {1 - 5},
	abstract = {The reliability of the characters used by taxonomists to separate species has always been in question. If the variation of a character is associated to its function, this feature may be crucial in segregating species. For this paper, 567 specimens of lice, (Pediculus humanus N=153, Anthropophthirus capitis N=223, Anthropophthirus pseudohumanus N=191) were measured. They were mounted on microscope slides to compare the possible variation of the leg structures involved in the adhesion to the substrate, in the species of lice related to man. We found that there is significant relationship between the structural variation of the claws of the tibio-tarsal complex and the diameter of the substrate they adhere to. This shows there is a strong pressure from the substrate on the claw{\textquoteright}s structure, this variation does not affect the width of the basitibia.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46802.pdf},
	author = {Ram{\'\i}rez-Morales,Ra{\'u}l}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Permethrin-Resistant Head Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina Are Susceptible to Spinosad},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {634 - 635},
	abstract = {The insecticidal activity of spinosad was evaluated against susceptible and permethrin-resistant human lice. In a permethrin-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae), the toxicity of spinosad was similar to that established for permethrin, with an LD50 value of 1.2 ng/insect and 2.4 ng/insect, respectively. Topical application of spinosad to populations of permethrin-resistant head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), showed that susceptibility to spinosad was independent of resistance to permethrin. The effectiveness of spinosad against human lice and the low mammalian toxicity reported in the literature suggest that spinosad could be useful for the management of permethrin-resistant human lice.},
	keywords = {Argentina, humanus, spinosad, permethrin, Pediculus, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46258.pdf},
	author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s}
}
@article {40,
	title = {Quantification of blood intake of the head louse: Pediculus humanus capitis},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {543 - 546},
	abstract = {Although head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are globally prevalent blood-sucking ectoparasites, the amount of blood imbibed by head lice has not been determined. This study investigated this parameter, as regular loss of a small quantity of blood may lead to an iron deficiency and anaemia. Adult female lice (66), adult males (46), and nymphs (152) were weighed before and after feeding in groups of 17-109 lice. The average amounts of blood imbibed at a single feed were: adult female louse (0.0001579 ml), adult male (0.0000657 ml) and nymph (0.0000387 ml). Assuming three feeds per day by an average infection of 30 lice (10 females, 10 males, and 10 nymphs), the average child with active pediculosis would loose 0.008 ml of blood per day. This amount of blood loss is of no clinical significance even in iron-deficient children. The most heavily infected child observed with 2657 lice could be expected to loose 0.7 ml/day or 20.8 ml/month, which may be of clinical importance in a child on an adequate diet, and would be significant in an iron-deficient child. However, if head lice feed more often than three times a day, a heavy infestation would have a greater potential to lead to iron deficiency. The frequency of feeding of head lice on the head of the human host needs to be determined.},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46290.pdf},
	author = {Speare,Richard and Canyon,Deon V. and Melrose,Wayne}
}
@article {41,
	title = {Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {533 - 538},
	abstract = {Head lice, Pediculis capitis De Geer, populations were investigated for permethrin and malathion resistance after initial establishment of a discriminating dose of topical application bioassay with body lice, Pediculus humanus L. For both insecticides, ≈2 times the lethal dose (LD)95 at 4 h was selected, 2 ng of permethrin and 100 ng of malathion per head louse, respectively. Head lice were collected from heads of infested children in Denmark at 33 primary schools, one kindergarten, and seven boarding schools. The lice were collected by combing of dry hair, with a fine-toothed antilouse comb attached to a vacuum cleaner. A resistance survey covers head lice collected from 208 of 1,441 persons combed. The frequency of permethrin- and malathion-resistant head lice is high in Danish head lice populations. In 17 of 24 samples tested for permethrin resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Six samples had between 3 and 25\% dead head lice, whereas one sample had 60\% mortality. In nine of 25 samples tested for malathion resistance, all head lice survived the discriminating dose. Seven samples had <25\% dead head lice, and four samples had a mortality of 50\% or more at the discriminating dose. The connection between permethrin resistance and kdr-like mutations is confirmed by our findings. The frequency of the double mutation T929I-L932 F in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with permethrin resistance was 0.95 in Danish head lice populations.},
	keywords = {bioassay, capitis, humanus, knockdown, Pediculus, pyrethroid, resistance},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46259.pdf},
	author = {Kristensen,Michael and Knorr,Mette and Rasmussen,Anne-Marie and Jespersen,J{\o}rgen B.}
}
@article {42,
	title = {Transmission ratio distortion in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus (Insecta: Phthiraptera)},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2006},
	note = {DEP: 20050921; JID: 0373007; aheadofprint},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {63 - 68},
	abstract = {We studied inheritance at three microsatellite loci in eight F(1) and two F(2) families of the body (clothes) louse of humans, Pediculus humanus. The alleles of heterozygous female-parents were always inherited in a Mendelian fashion in these families. Alleles from heterozygous male-parents, however, were inherited in two different ways: (i) in a Mendelian fashion and (ii) in a non-Mendelian fashion, where males passed to their offspring only one of their two alleles, that is, 100\% nonrandom transmission. In male body lice, where there was non-Mendelian inheritance, the paternally inherited set of alleles was eliminated. We interpret this pattern of inheritance as evidence for extreme transmission ratio distortion of paternal alleles in this species.Heredity advance online publication, 21 September 2005; doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800760.},
	isbn = {0018-067X},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/44614.pdf},
	author = {McMeniman,C. J. and Barker,Stephen C.}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Un error de interpretaci{\'o}n antropol{\'o}gica: Pediculus humanus y el origen de la vestimenta.},
	journal = {Revista de Antropolog{\'\i}a Experimental},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {191 - 199},
	author = {Retana-Salazar,Axel P. and Retana-Salazar,S. A.}
}
@article {44,
	title = {Use of temperature and water immersion to control the human body louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {723 - 725},
	abstract = {Physical methods such as high and low temperatures were used in the past for the control of human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae). In the current study, the minimum time necessary to kill all lice after exposing them to temperatures other than those described in the literature, the mortality of lice after immersing them in water, and the survival of lice whose legs were amputated were studied. All lice died after 6 d at 6},
	keywords = {alternative, capitis, control, humanus, Pediculus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46299.pdf},
	author = {Mumcuoglu,Kosta Y. and Friger,M. and Cohen,R.}
}
