02715nas a2200313   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000900223300001000232490000600242520189500248653001202143653001702155653001002172653001402182653000902196653000902205653001002214653001202224653000802236653001202244653001302256653001002269653001702279653001102296100002202307700001702329856005502346       1991                        eng d00aEctoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance0 aEctoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara Indonesia w  c1991  a1 - 70 v53 aEctoparasite records are presented for four species of commensal murid rodents (Rattus rattus palelae Miller & Hollister, R.argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss), R.exulans (Peale) and Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse) in Sulawesi Utara, with particular reference to the potential for these arthropods to bite and transmit pathogens to humans. The flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), was most common on R.r.palelae and is capable of transmitting plague and other pathogens to humans although no current foci for these diseases are known in Sulawesi. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing and Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister) sucking lice parasitized all three Rattus species although H.pacifica was mainly associated with R.exulans and P.spinulosa with R.r.palelae. These lice do not bite humans but may be intramurid vectors of murine typhus and other zoonoses. The mites Laelaps echidnina Berlese and L.nuttalli Hirst were both collected; the latter was recorded from all four murid species, mainly R.exulans. The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst was rare. Only one chigger mite, Walchiella oudemansi (Walch), was retrieved from murids (from R.exulans) and a single Leptotrombidium deliense (Walch) chigger was taken from a human subject. Although L.deliense is a significant vector of scrub typhus, a disease known from Sulawesi, the L.deliense-R.argentiventer relationship frequently noted in the ecology of this rickettsial disease, was not evident in this survey. Other ectoparasites collected from murids were the ticks, Ixodes granulatus Supino (first record for Sulawesi), Haemaphysalis sp. and Dermacentor sp., the mites Myocoptes musculinus (Koch) and Listrophoroids cucullatus (Trouessart), acarids and a uropodid. Additional ectoparasites noted on humans were the tick Amblyoma babirussae (Schulze), the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei L. and the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer.10adisease10aectoparasite10afleas10aIndonesia10alice10amice10amites10amuridae10arat10ascabies10asulawesi10aticks10aTransmission10avector1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aPage, B., F.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/2627.pdf02825nas a2200145   4500008004100000245002600041210002500067260000900092300000700101490000700108520247600115653001102591100002202602856005502624       2000                        eng d00aLouse-borne pathogens0 aLouseborne pathogens  c2000  aNA0 vNA3 aA number of pathogens are transmitted by lice, especially sucking lice (Anoplura), which are exclusively ectoparasites of eutherian mammals including humans. Louse-borne pathogens include swinepox virus which is transmitted by the hog louse, Haematopinus suis, seal heartworm, which is transmitted by the seal louse, Echinophthirius horridus , and various agents of rodent and lagomorph eperythrozoonosis, haemobartonellosis, and hepatozoonosis, which are transmitted by a variety of sucking louse species. In addition, the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is capable of transmitting at least three different pathogens of humans. These are Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic (louse-borne) typhus, Borrelia recurrentis which causes epidemic (louse-borne) relapsing fever, and Bartonella quintana, which causes a variety of ailments including trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis and endocarditis. In the recent past, when more humans were infested by body lice, these pathogens were major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Historically, epidemic typhus has been the most important of these pathogens and has affected humankind in many ways. For example, the Great Plague of Athens in 430 B.C., which effectively ended the preeminence of that culture, was almost certainly due to epidemic typhus. Also, Napoleon’s army of 1812 that invaded Russia, lost more troops to epidemic typhus that to battle casualties and this greatly influenced the outcome of the campaign. In 1816- 1819, 700,00 cases of epidemic typhus occurred in Ireland; combined with the potato famine, this encouraged many people to emigrate to North America which resulted in epidemic typhus being introduced into this Continent. Many years later, European immigrants who had recovered from the disease would often experience recrudescent typhus (Brill-Zinsser disease) and initiate new epidemics. Today, because of widespread body louse control, louse-borne diseases of humans are relatively rare, especially in developed countries. Exceptions include recent outbreaks of epidemic typhus in Burundi, China, Ethiopia, Peru, and Russia; and of epidemic relapsing fever in several African nations. A recent resurgence of infections due to B. quintana is puzzling because this pathogen apparently can be transmitted opportunistically to immunocompromised or homeless people in the absence of lice; this has been recorded in several developed nations, including the United States.10avector1 aDurden, Lance, A.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/3256.pdf