01987nas a2200169   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000900245300001400254490000700268520143800275653000901713653001401722100002101736700002001757856004001777       2007                        eng d00aA comparison of botanical and synthetic substances commonly used to prevent head lice (Pediculus humanus var. capitis) infestation0 acomparison of botanical and synthetic substances commonly used t  c2007  a422 - 4260 v463 aBackground Pediculosis, caused by head lice (Pediculidae: Pediculus humanus var. capitis), is experiencing a global resurgence, with the prevalence in primary schools averaging as high as 40% in some areas regardless of socioeconomic factors. Control efforts using chemical treatments are becoming increasingly ineffective, with insecticide resistance recorded in several countries. Prevention using repellents and oils would be useful if they limited transmission. Many commercially available substances reputedly have effective repellent qualities, but remain untested.Methods This study tested the preventative efficacy of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against several commercially available botanicals to clarify their value as transmission inhibitors, irritants, repellents, and antifeedants.
Results The transfer of head lice to treated hairs was limited by the slippery nature of the oils rather than their repellent qualities. Irritancy was not important because lice proceeded despite being highly irritated, except in the case of coconut. Tea tree and peppermint caused the most repellence, and tea tree and lavender prevented some blood feeding on treated skin. Comparatively, tea tree oil was most efficacious, with DEET ranking equal second overall with coconut, peppermint, and a botanical mixture.
Conclusions Neither DEET nor any of the botanicals tested showed sufficient preventative efficacy to be endorsed.10aDEET10arepellent1 aCanyon, Deon, V.1 aSpeare, Richard  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/2002332nas a2200193   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000900206300001400215490000700229520171600236100001801952700002501970700002601995700002202021700002202043700001702065856005602082       2007                        eng d00aDetection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolchildren from Bobigny, France0 aDetection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolch  c2007  a796 - 7980 v443 aThe head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis(DeGeer), is an hematophagous ectoparasite that affects mainly children. Resistance to insecticides belonging to pyrethroids and other pediculicides, such as malathion, is responsible for frequently reported treatment failures. Recent studies showed that a M815I-T929I-L932F kdr-like mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel  -subunit gene was associated with permethrin resistance in head lice from several countries worldwide. We searched for the presence of pyrethroid resistancegeneinheadlice populations obtained in schoolchildren in an urban area of France. All the 15 primary schools of Bobigny, a city located 3 kmnorth of Paris, were selected to participate. Of 3,493 children enrolled, 3,345 (95.8%) children were screened for head lice by using Þne-toothed antilouse combs. Live head lice were detected in 112 (3.3%) of children screened. A subsample of 90 lice was processed for DNA study. The ampliÞcation of a 332-bp portion of the kdr-like gene spanning the codon 929 was performed, and polymerase chain reaction products were submitted to the restriction enzyme SspI. Twenty of these lice (22.2%) were homozygous susceptible, 33 (36.7%) were homozygous resistant, and 37 (41.1%) were heterozygotes. Globally, the frequency of the T929I mutation was 0.57. The prevalence of pediculosis in schoolchildren of Bobigny seemed relatively low in comparison with Þndings of other European studies. The presence of the T929I mutation associated with permethrin resistance probably reßected the frequent local use of this insecticide. Further studies are now required to evaluate the prevalence of the kdr-like mutant allele in head lice in French schools.1 aDurand, Rémy1 aMillard, Bénédicte1 aBouges-Michel, Claire1 aBruel, Christiane1 aBouvresse, Sophie1 aIzri, Arezki  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46901.pdf02143nas a2200169   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000900244300001600253490000700269520155700276100002101833700002001854700002301874700002001897856005601917       2007                        eng d00aEvolutionary Relationships of "Candidatus Riesia spp.," Endosymbiotic Enterobacteriaceae Living within Hematophagous Primate Lice0 aEvolutionary Relationships of Candidatus Riesia spp Endosymbioti  c2007  a1659 - 16640 v733 aThe primary endosymbiotic bacteria from three species of parasitic primate lice were characterized molecularly. We have confirmed the characterization of the primary endosymbiont (P-endosymbiont) of the human head/body louse Pediculus humanus and provide new characterizations of the P-endosymbionts from Pediculus schaeffi from chimpanzees and Pthirus pubis, the pubic louse of humans. The endosymbionts show an average percent sequence divergence of 11 to 15% from the most closely related known bacterium "Candidatus Arsenophonus insecticola." We propose that two additional species be added to the genus "Candidatus Riesia." The new species proposed within "Candidatus Riesia" have sequence divergences of 3.4% and 10 to 12% based on uncorrected pairwise differences. Our Bayesian analysis shows that the branching pattern for the primary endosymbionts was the same as that for their louse hosts, suggesting a long coevolutionary history between primate lice and their primary endosymbionts. We used a calibration of 5.6 million years to date the divergence between endosymbionts from human and chimpanzee lice and estimated an evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitution of 0.67% per million years, which is 15 to 30 times faster than previous estimates calculated for Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont in aphids. Given the evidence for cospeciation with primate lice and the evidence for fast evolutionary rates, this lineage of endosymbiotic bacteria can be evaluated as a fast-evolving marker of both louse and primate evolutionary histories.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46874.pdf01903nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001600205490000700221520138100228100002301609700002101632700002001653700002001673856004001693       2007                        eng d00aHost-symbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice0 aHostsymbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human he  c2007  a1058 - 10660 v213 aThe first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the -Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation, changes in length from 2–4 µm to more than 100 µm, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host’s immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/2301855nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260000900197520137900206100002301585700002101608700002001629700002001649856004001669       2007                        eng d00aHost-symbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice0 aHostsymbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human h  c20073 aThe first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the -Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation,changes in length from 2–4  m to more than 100  m, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host’s immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.
1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBraig, Henk, R.  uhttps://cats.myspecies.info/node/2400583nam a2200133   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260007800272300000600350490001300356100000500369700001900374856005600393       2007                        eng d00aHuman Lice: Body Louse, Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus and Head Louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Insecta: Phthiraptera (=Anoplura): Pediculidae)0 aHuman Lice Body Louse Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus and Hea  aGainesville, Florida, U.S.A.bUniversity of Florida, IFAS Extensionc2007  a50 vEENY-1041 a1 aFasulo, T., R.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46978.pdf01421nas a2200205   4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260000900199300001200208490000700220520079900227100001601026700001801042700002001060700002201080700001801102700001901120700002001139856005601159       2007                        eng d00aMolecular Characterization of Two Acetylcholinesterase cDNAs in Pediculus Human Lice0 aMolecular Characterization of Two Acetylcholinesterase cDNAs in   c2007  a72 - 790 v443 aTwo cDNA sequences encoding Drosophila Ace-orthologous and -paralogous acetylcholinesterase precursors (AO- and AP-AChE precursors, respectively), were identified from the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. In vitro inhibition studies with an insecticide-susceptible body louse strain exhibited a simplex inhibitory response of AChE. The I50 values of fenitroxon and carbaryl were estimated to be 2.2 and 1.9 μM for the susceptible lice, respectively. The mRNA level of AP-AChE gene was 3.1- and 9.3-fold higher than that of AO-AChE gene in the abdomen and the combined parts of the head and thorax, respectively, suggesting, due to its abundance, the potential significance of the AP-AChE isoform in Pediculus human lice in association with the efficacy of AChE-targeting pediculicides.1 aLee, Si-Woo1 aKasai, Shinji1 aKomagata, Osamu1 aKobayashi, Mutsuo1 aAgui, Noriaki1 aKono, Yoshiaki1 aTomita, Takashi  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/46717.pdf01160nas a2200145   4500008004100000245005800041210005700099260000900156300001000165490000700175520073600182100002000918700002000938856005600958       2007                        eng d00aTrying To Keep Ahead of Lice: A Therapeutic Challenge0 aTrying To Keep Ahead of Lice A Therapeutic Challenge  c2007  a1 - 60 v113 aPediculosis capitis, or head lice, is a world-wide public health concern affecting persons of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. It is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, an obligate ectoparasite that lives on human hair and feeds on the blood from the skin. Upon diagnosis, treatment should be initiated, since established infestations with head lice generally do not spontaneously resolve. Chemical pediculicides are currently the standard treatment, however, issues of resistance have made it necessary to explore new alternatives. If an infestation is resistant to these drugs, then the physician should consider treating with an agent from a different class of pediculicides or, potentially, with newer nonpediculicides.1 aMalcolm, C., E.1 aBergman, J., N.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/Publications/47060.pdf